reunioN??쓽 釉붾줈洹

* 臾몄꽌
1. ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶 愿?━?λ?
2. ?쒕쾭?먯썝愿?━遺?BR>3. 諛깆뾽愿?━?λ?
4. ?쒕쾭?묒뾽?대젰遺?BR>5. ?쒕쾭?먭??대젰遺?/P>

* ?덈?濡??쒕쾭瑜?誘우뼱?쒕뒗 ?덈맂?? ?щ윭遺??먯떊??誘우쑝?붿빞 ?⑸땲??

* 由щ늼??諛고룷??BR>www.redhat.com
www.debian.org
www.slackware.com
www.linux-mandrake.com
www.wowlinux.com
www.alzzalinux.com
www.suse.com
www.haansoftlinux.com
www.hancom.com
www.sulinux.net

* ?쒓? ?ъ슜
# cat /etc/sysconfig/i18n
LANG="ko_KR.eucKR"
SUPPORTED="en_US.UTF-8:en_US:en:ko_KR.eucKR:ko_KR:ko"
SYSFONT="lat0-sun16"
SYSFONTACM="8859-15"

* ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?듭떊?뚯뒪???④퀎
1. gateway源뚯? ?듭떊???댁긽???녿뒗媛?
2. ?몃?留앷퉴吏?쓽 ?듭떊???댁긽???녿뒗媛?
3. DNS源뚯????듭떊???댁긽???녿뒗媛?
4. ?꾨찓?몄쓣 ?듯븳 ?몃?留앷퉴吏?쓽 ?듭떊???댁긽???녿뒗媛?

* 寃뚯씠?몄썾???ㅼ젙
route add default gw 寃뚯씠?몄썾??IP二쇱냼 dev ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕_?명꽣?섏씠???μ튂紐?BR>?? # route add default gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
?? # ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255 up
    # route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
    # route add default gw 192.168.1.254 dev eth0

* route 紐낅졊???듯븳 routing 洹쒖튃
# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway  Genmask  Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.0.0 *  255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
169.254.0.0 *  255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
127.0.0.0 *  255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
default  192.168.1.254 0.0.0.0  UG 0 0 0 eth0
1. ?꾩쓽 泥ル쾲吏명뻾遺?꽣 ?ㅼ쓬?됱쑝濡?李⑤???줈 ???됱뵫 ?쎌뼱 ?ㅼ뿬??泥섎━????떆??蹂대궪 ???덈뒗媛?? ?뺤씤?⑸땲??
2. default?쇰뒗 寃껋씠 ???쒕쾭??湲곕낯 寃뚯씠?몄썾???ㅼ젙?댁쓣 ?섎??섎ʼn 洹??됱쓽 Gateway ??ぉ媛믪씠 湲곕낯寃뚯씠?몄썾?댁쓽 IP二쇱냼?낅땲?? default??0.0.0.0???섎??⑸땲??
3. 蹂대궪 ?곗씠?곗쓽 紐⑹쟻吏?IP二쇱냼??Genmask媛?SubnetMask)怨쇱쓽 AND?곗궛???댁꽌 洹?寃곌낵媛??대떦?됱쓽 Destination??ぉ怨??숈씪??寃⑥썒???대떦 ?됱쓽 Iface???덈뒗 ?명꽣?섏씠?ㅻ줈 ?대떦 ?⑦궥???꾩넚?섍쾶 ?⑸땲??
4. Iface??ぉ??媛믪씠 lo????Destination媛믪씠 127.0.0.0?????????쒕쾭??猷⑦봽諛?loopback) ?곗씠?곕? 泥섎━?섍린 ?꾪븳 ?ㅼ젙?낅땲?? 利? ?먭린 ?먯떊?먭쾶濡??곗씠?곕? 蹂대궪 ?뚯뿉 泥섎━瑜??대떦?섎뒗 ?명꽣?섏씠?ㅼ엯?덈떎.

* 湲곕낯寃뚯씠?몄썾???뺣낫:
# cat /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING=yes   # ?듭떊???섎룄濡?吏?썝??寃껋씤媛?쓽 ?щ?
HOSTNAME=ns.superuser.co.kr # ?쒕쾭???몄뒪?몃꽕??hostname)
GATEWAY=192.168.1.254  # ?쒖뒪???꾩껜????븳 Global??湲곕낯寃뚯씠?몄썾??BR>GATEWAYDEV=   # 湲곕낯寃뚯씠?몄썾???μ튂紐?BR>FORWARD_IPV4=no   # 由щ늼???쒕쾭媛??쇱슦?곗뿭?좎쓣 ??寃껋씤媛?쓽 ?щ?. 利? ?⑦궥?ъ썙?⑹쓣 ?섑뻾?숈옄 ??寃쎌슦?먮뒗 yes濡??ㅼ젙?섍퀬 ?⑦궥?ъ썙?⑹쓣 ?섏? ?딆쓣 寃쎌슦?먮뒗 no濡??ㅼ젙?쒕떎. ?쇰컲?곸씠 ?쒕쾭??븷???섑뻾??寃쎌슦?먮뒗 嫄곗쓽 ???遺?no濡??ㅼ젙?쒕떎.

* IP愿?젴 ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?뺣낫:
# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0   # ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?붾컮?댁뒪 ?μ튂紐?BR>BOOTPROTO=static  # ???ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?붾컮?댁뒪???좊룞IP瑜??숈쟻(dynamic)?쇰줈 ?좊떦?섍퀬????寃쎌슦?먮뒗 dhcp瑜?二쇱냼 ?뺤쟻(static)??怨좎젙IP瑜??좊떦?섍퀬????寃쎌슦?먮뒗 static?대씪??媛믪쓣 以?떎.
IPADDR=192.168.1.101  # ???쒕쾭??IP二쇱냼
BROADCAST=192.168.1.255  # 釉뚮줈?쒖틦?ㅽ듃 二쇱냼
NETMASK=255.255.255.0  # ?룸쭏?ㅽ겕媛?BR>NETWORK=192.168.1.0  # ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕二쇱냼
ONBOOT=yes   # ?대떦 ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?명꽣?섏씠??eth0)瑜??쒕쾭 遺?똿?쒖뿉 ?쒖꽦?뷀븯???ъ슜??寃껋씤媛?? 寃곗젙?쒕떎.
#USERCTL=no
#GATEWAY   # ?대떦 ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?명꽣?섏씠??eth0)??湲곕낯 寃뚯씠?몄썾?대? ?ㅼ젙. /etc/sysconfig/network ???덈뒗 GATEWAY蹂대떎 ?곗꽑?쒖쐞媛??믩떎.

* ?ㅼ엫?쒕쾭愿?젴 ?뺣낫:
# cat /etc/resolv.conf
search superuser.co.kr
nameserver 168.126.63.1
nameserver 164.124.101.2

* ifconfig 紐낅졊??BR>1. eth0 ?명꽣?섏씠??down/up
# ifconfig eth0 down
# ifconfig eth0 up
2. ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?ㅼ젙
- ?ㅼ젙??network device : eth0
- ?몄뒪??IP Address     : 192.168.0.100
- Netmask               : 255.255.255.0
- Broadcast IP          : 192.168.0.255
- Network IP            : 192.168.0.0
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.100 netmask 192.168.0.0 broadcast 192.168.0.255 up

* ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 二쇱냼 ?ㅼ젙?뚯씪
- /etc/sysconfig/network
- /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
- /etc/rc.d/init.d/network start|restart|stop

* 由щ???BR># reboot
# shutdown -r now
# init 6

* IP?⑤━?댁떛
# cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:0
# cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1
# cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:2
# cp /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:3
# 媛??뚯씪 ?몄쭛
# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:0
DEVICE=eth0:0   # -> ??遺?텇 ?섏젙 (?먮옒 eth0)
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=192.168.0.255
IPADDR=192.168.0.211  # -> ??遺?텇 ?섏젙 (?먮옒 192.168.0.210)
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=192.168.0.0
ONBOOT=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1
DEVICE=eth0:1   # -> ??遺?텇 ?섏젙 (?먮옒 eth0)
BOOTPROTO=static
BROADCAST=192.168.0.255
IPADDR=192.168.0.212  # -> ??遺?텇 ?섏젙 (?먮옒 192.168.0.210)
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
NETWORK=192.168.0.0
ONBOOT=yes
TYPE=Ethernet
# /etc/rc.d/init.d/network restart

* hostname 蹂?꼍
- ?곴뎄?곸쑝濡?蹂?꼍
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network -> HOSTNAME ?섏젙 (?щ????꾩슂)
- ?쇱떆?곸쑝濡?蹂?꼍
# hostname hostname.you_want.com -> 吏?툑 利됱떆 ?섏젙

* netstat
- a ?듭뀡 : --all怨?媛숈쑝硫?listen?섎뒗 ?뚣뀛?낆젙蹂댁? listen?섏? ?딅뒗 ?뚯폆?뺣낫 紐⑤몢瑜?蹂댁뿬以?
- n ?듭뀡 : --numeric怨?媛숈쑝硫?10吏꾩닔???섏튂?뺣낫濡?寃곌낵瑜?異쒕젰?댁쨲.
- r ?듭뀡 : --route怨?媛숈쑝硫??ㅼ젙???쇱슦?낆젙蹂대? 異쒕젰?댁쨲
- p ?듭뀡 : --program怨?媛숈쑝硫??ㅽ뻾?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 媛??꾨줈洹몃옩怨?PID?뺣낫瑜?異쒕젰??
- i ?듭뀡 : --interface=iface怨?媛숈쑝硫?紐⑤뱺 ?ㅽ듃?뚣뀫?명꽣?섏씠?ㅼ젙蹂대? 異쒕젰?? ?먮뒗 ?뱀젙 ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕?명꽣?섏씠?ㅻ? 吏?젙???섎룄 ?덉쓬.
- c ?듭뀡 : --continuous怨?媛숈쑝硫?netstat寃곌낵瑜??곗냽?곸쑝濡?異쒕젰??
- l ?듭뀡 : --listening怨?媛숈쑝硫??꾩옱 listen?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?뚯폆?뺣낫瑜?異쒕젰
- s ?듭뀡 : --statistics怨?媛숈쑝硫?媛??꾨줈?좎퐳????븳 ?듦퀎?뺣낫瑜?異쒕젰
- t ?듭뀡 : --tcp??媛숈쑝硫?tcp ?뺣낫瑜?異쒕젰
- u ?듭뀡 : --udp??媛숈쑝硫?udp ?뺣낫瑜?異쒕젰

* netstat ?곌껐?곹깭
- LISTEN : ?곌껐??媛?뒫?섎룄濡?愿?젴?곕が???좎엳?쇰ʼn ?곌껐??媛?뒫?⑥쓣 ?섑???
- SYN-SENT : ?곌껐???붿껌???곹깭
- SYN_RECEIVED : ?곌껐?붽뎄???섑븳 ?묐떟??以??꾩뿉 ?뺤씤硫붿떆吏?? 湲곕떎由ш퀬 ?덈뒗 ?곹깭.
- ESTABLISHED : ?욎쓽 3?④퀎 ?곌껐怨쇱젙??紐⑤몢 醫낅즺???꾩뿉 ?곌껐???꾨즺???곹깭
- FIN-WAIT1, CLOSE-WAIT, FIN-WAIT2 : ?곌껐醫낅즺瑜??꾪빐 醫낅즺 ?붿껌??諛쏆? ?꾩쓽 醫낅즺 怨쇱젙??
- CLOSING : ?꾩넚??硫붿떆吏?? ?좎떎???곹깭瑜??섑???
- TIME-WAIT : ?곌껐醫낅즺 ?꾩뿉 ?쒕룞???좎??섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?곹깭.
- CLOSED : ?곌껐???꾩쟾??醫낅즺??

* 援?궡?꾨찓???ъ슜湲곌? ?뺣낫 議고쉶
由щ늼????        : whois -h whois.krnic.net ??긽?꾨찓??or IP Address)
                    ex) whois -h whois.krnic.net 202.86.12.129
?뱀뿉?쒖쓽 議고쉶 URL : http://whois.nic.or.kr

* 援?젣?꾨찓???ъ슜湲곌? ?뺣낫 議고쉶
由щ늼????        : whois -h whois.internic.net ??긽?꾨찓??or IP Address)
                    ex) whois -h whois.internic.net cnn.com
?뱀뿉?쒖쓽 議고쉶 URL : http://www.networksolutions.com/en_US/whois/index.jhtml

* ethtool (?대뜑?룹뭅?쒖쓽 ?ㅼ젙???곹솴異쒕젰怨?蹂?꼍???섎뒗 紐낅졊??
- ?대뜑???ㅼ젙?뺤씤 : ethtool eth0
- ?대뜑???ㅼ젙蹂?꼍 : ethtool -s eth0 [speed 10|100|1000] [duplex half|full] [autoneg on|off]
# ethtool eth1
# ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full autoneg off

* mii-tool (Media Independent Interface Tool)
# mii-tool
eth0: no autonegotiation, 10baseT-HD, link ok
eth1: 100 Mbit, full duplex, no link
# mii-tool eth0
eth0: no autonegotiation, 10baseT-HD, link ok
# mii-tool eth1
eth1: 100 Mbit, full duplex, no link
# mii-tool -v eth0
eth0: no autonegotiation, 10baseT-HD, link ok
  product info: Intel 82555 rev 4
  basic mode: autonegotiation enabled
  basic status: autonegotiation complete, link ok
  capabilities: 100baseTx-FD 100baseTx-HD 10baseTx-FD 10baseTx-HD
  advertising: 100baseTx-FD 100baseTx-HD 10baseTx-FD 10baseTx-HD flow-control
  link partner: 10baseT-HD
# mii-tool -R -> ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?명꽣?섏씠?ㅼ쓽 湲곕낯?ㅼ젙?댁슜??줈 ?ъ꽕??BR># mii-tool -r -> ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?명꽣?섏씠?ㅼ쓽 autonegotiation?ㅼ젙???ъ떆??/P>

* modprobe瑜??댁슜???쒖뭅??紐⑤뱶 ?ㅼ젙?뺤씤 諛?蹂?꼍?섍린
# lsmod
Module  Size Used by
eepro100 18144 1
# cat /etc/modules.conf
alias eth0 eepro100
alias scsi_hostadapter aic7xxx
# modprobe ?쒖뭅?쒕え?덈챸 speed_duplex=?ㅼ젙踰덊샇
- speed_duplex=0 : auto detection 紐⑤뱶濡??ㅼ젙
- speed_duplex=1 : 10M, half duplex濡??ㅼ젙
- speed_duplex=2 : 10M, full duplex濡??ㅼ젙
- speed_duplex=3 : 100M, half duplex濡??ㅼ젙
- speed_duplex=4 : 100M, full duplex濡??ㅼ젙
ex) modprobe eepro100 speed_duplex=1

* tcpdump
# tcpdump -i eth0  -> ?뱀젙 ethernt(eth0) ?쇰줈 ?≪닔???섎뒗 ?곗씠???⑦궥 ?ㅽ봽?섏뿬 ?뺤씤
# tcpdump -i eth0 -w TCPDUMP -> ?뱀젙 ethernet?쇰줈 ?≪닔???섎뒗 ?⑦궥???뚯씪????옣 諛??뺤씤
# tcpdump -r TCPDUMP  -> TCPDUMP????옣???⑦궥?ㅻ뱶?ㅼ쓣 ?뺤씤
# tcpdump -i eth0 -c 10  -> ?뱀젙 ethernet?먯꽌 吏?젙??媛쒖닔留뚰겮???ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?⑦궥 ?ㅽ봽?섏뿬 ?뺤씤
# tcpdump -w tcpdump.log -s 1500 tcp port 22 and host 192.168.0.1
    -> ?쒕쾭???뱀젙?ы듃濡??≪닔?좊릺??紐⑤뱺 ?곗씠?고뙣???꾩껜瑜??뺤씤
    -> ??紐낅졊???섎????꾩옱 濡쒖뺄?쒕쾭??nbsp; 192.168.0.00?쒕쾭?ъ씠???듭떊?곗씠?고뙣??以?tcp 22踰덊룷?몄쓽 紐⑤뱺 ?⑦궥??1500湲몄씠濡?罹≪퀜?섏뿬 tcpdump.log?뚯씪????옣
  -w tcpdump.log 寃곌낵瑜?tcpdump.log?뚯씪????옣
  -s 1500  罹≪퀜???⑦궥??湲몄씠濡쒖꽌 1500???⑦궥???꾩껜湲몄씠瑜??섎??섎?濡?紐⑤뱺 ?⑦궥??罹≪퀜?섍쾶 ?쒕떎.
  tcp port 22  罹≪퀜????긽 ?꾨줈?좎퐳怨??ы듃瑜?吏?젙??寃껋쑝濡?TCP ?ы듃 22踰덉쑝濡??≪닔?좊릺???곗씠?곕? 罹≪퀜?섎떎.
  host 192.168.0.100 192.168.0.100?쒕쾭???≪닔?좊릺???곗씠?곕? ??긽?쇰줈 罹≪퀜?쒕떎.
# tcpdum -Xqnr tcpdump.log -> 罹≪퀜??tcpdump.log?뚯씪???댁슜??ASCII紐⑤뱶濡??뺤씤

*** 由щ늼???쒕쾭愿?━ ?좏떥由ы떚 ***

* ?쒖뒪???ㅼ젙怨??뗭뾽 ?좏떥由ы떚
# setup
?쒖뒪?쒖꽕?뺢낵 ?뗭뾽 ?뚯씪?ㅼ쓣 ?쒕뜲 紐⑥? ?좏떥由ы떚.

* 由щ늼???몄쬆?ㅼ젙 ?좏떥由ы떚(NIS??Shadow?⑥뒪?뚮뱶瑜??ㅼ젙?섎뒗 ?띿뒪??紐⑤뱶 ?꾧뎄)
# authconfig
# systemp-config-authentication
# pwconv -> shadow ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶 ?ъ슜
# pwunconv -> shadow ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶 ?ъ슜
MD5 Passwords 瑜??ъ슜?댁꽌 臾몄옄?섎? 理쒕? 256byte源뚯? ?ъ슜?????덈떎.

* ?쒖뒪???좎쭨???쒓컙???섏젙?섎뒗 洹몃옒???명꽣?섏씠??BR># redhat-config-date
# system-config-date
#system-config-time

* httpd ???쒕쾭????븳 洹몃옒???ㅼ젙 ?꾧뎄
# redhat-cofig-httpd
# system-config-http

* ?ㅻ낫?쒕? ?섏젙?섎뒗???ъ슜?섎뒗 洹몃옒???명꽣?섏씠??BR># redhat-config-keyboard
# system-config-keyboard

* ?몄뼱瑜??섏젙?섎뒗???ъ슜?섎뒗 洹몃옒???명꽣?섏씠??BR># redhat-config-language
# system-config-language

* 留덉슦???ㅼ젙 洹몃옒???명꽣?섏씠??BR>redhat-config-mouse
system-config-mouse

* Red Hat Linux ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?ㅼ젙 ?꾧뎄???ъ슜?섎뒗 洹몃옒???ъ슜???명꽣?섏씠?? (李멸퀬: )
# netconfig
# redhat-config-network
# system-config-network

* NFS ?쒕쾭 ?ㅼ젙 ?꾧뎄
# redhat-config-nfs
# system-config-nfs

* Red Hat Linux???ъ슜?섎뒗 ?⑦궎吏?愿?━??BR># redhat-config-packages
# system-config-packages

* ?꾨┛???ㅼ젙 諛깆뿏???꾨줎?몄뿏??議고빀
# printconf
# redhat-config-printer
# system-config-printer

* 猷⑦듃 ?뷀샇瑜??섏젙?섎뒗???ъ슜?섎뒗 洹몃옒???명꽣?섏씠??BR># redhat-config-rootpassword
# system-config-rootpasswd

* Samba ?쒕쾭 ?ㅼ젙 ?꾧뎄
# redhat-config-samba
# system-config-samba

* ?쒖뒪??蹂댁븞 ?섏????섏젙?섎뒗???ъ슜?섎뒗 洹몃옒???명꽣?섏씠??(lokkit ?좏떥由ы떚??媛숈? 湲곕뒫)
# redhat-config-securitylevel
# system-config-securitylevel

* redhat-config-services??nbsp; initscript??xinetd ?ㅼ젙 ?좏떥由ы떚
# chkconfig
# ntsysv
# redhat-config-services
# system-config-services
???좏떥由ы떚?먯꽌 ?ㅼ젙媛?뒫???쒕퉬?ㅻ뱾
- amanda : ?쒕쾭?대씪?댁뼵???섍꼍???ㅽ듃?뚰겕 諛깆뾽?쒖뒪??BR>- amd  : ?먮룞留덉슦?몄꽌鍮꾩뒪(automatically mount file system)
- anacron : 二쇨린?곸씤 ?묒뾽???ㅼ젙?????덈뒗 ?쒕퉬??BR>- apmd  : ?꾩썝愿?━ ?곕が. 利??꾩썝媛먯떆 ?곕が
- arpwath : ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕?명꽣?섏씠???섎뱶?⑥뼱二쇱냼(MAC二쇱냼)??IP二쇱냼瑜??띿쑝濡?紐⑤땲?곕쭅?섎뒗 ?대줈??蹂댁븞?꾧뎄濡쒕룄 ?ъ슜??
- atd  : 吏?젙???쒓컙???뱀젙 ?묒뾽???ㅽ뻾?????덈뒗 ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- bootparamd : ?붿뒪?ш? ?녿뒗 ?쒕쾭??遺?똿?뺣낫?쒓났???섎뒗 ?곕が
- chargen : character generate ?쒕퉬??蹂댁븞??痍⑥빟??
- chargen-udp : character generate ?쒕퉬??udp)
- comsat : 硫붿씪?꾩갑?뚮┝?대굹 ?ъ슜???뚮┝?ы빆?깆씠 ?덉쓣 ???뚮젮二쇰뒗 biff server
- crond  : 二쇨린?곸씤 ?묒뾽?ㅽ뻾???????덈뒗 cron?곕が
- daytime : daytime ?쒕퉬??BR>- daytime-udp : daytime udp ?쒕퉬??BR>- dhcpd  : ADSL怨?MODEM?ъ슜?먮뱾?먭쾶 IP瑜??좊떦?댁＜??DHCP?쒕쾭?곕が
- finger : 濡쒖뺄?대굹 ?먭꺽?쒕쾭??怨꾩젙?ъ슜???뺣낫 ?뺤씤?섎뒗 finger?쒕퉬??
- gated  : ?쇱슦???곕が
- gpm  : 臾몄옄??蹂듭궗??遺숈씪 ???덈뒗 媛?긽肄섏넄???꾪븳 留덉슦?ㅼ꽌踰?BR>- gssftp : GSS FTP ?쒕쾭?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- identd : TCP/IP IDENT ?꾨줈?좎퐳 ?쒕쾭 ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- imapd  : POP怨??④퍡 硫붿씪?섏떊?곕が?쇰줈 ?ъ슜?섎뒗 IMAP?곕が
- imaps  : SSL??吏?썝?섎뒗 IMAP?곕が
- innd  : ?명꽣??NEWS ?곕が
- ipchains : IP firewall 愿?━?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- ipop3  : ?쒕쾭?먯꽌 ?대씪?댁뼵?몃줈 硫붿씪??蹂대궡二쇰뒗 POP?쒕쾭
- iptables : IP ?⑦궥?꾪꽣留?愿?━ ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- kadmin : kerberos V5 ?곗씠?곕쿋?댁뒪 愿?━ ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- keytable : ?ㅻ낫?쒖꽕???곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- kprop  : 留덉뒪??KDB??蹂듭젣瑜??숆린?붿떆?ㅻ뒗 ?쒕쾭?좏떚由ы떚
- kudzu  : ?섎뱶?⑥뼱 ?μ튂?ㅼ젙 ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- ldap  : ?붾젆?좊━?쒕퉬???묒꽭?ㅻ? ?꾪븳 ?대씪?댁뼵???쒕쾭 ?꾨줈?좎퐳 ?곕が
- linuxconf : 由щ늼?ㅼ꽕???좏떥由ы떚??linuxconfi?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- lpd  : ?꾨┛?곗꽌踰??곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- mysqld : Mysql?곗씠?곕쿋?댁뒪 ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- named  : DNS?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- nessusd : 蹂댁븞?꾨줈洹몃옩??nessus ?곕が?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- netfs  : ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 吏?썝?섍린 ?꾪븳 ?곕が?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- network : ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 ?ㅼ젙 ?쒖뼱 ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- nfs  : network file system ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- nfslock : NFS吏?썝???꾪븳 ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- nscd  : Name Service Cache ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- ntalk  : ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕?곸뿉??talk濡???솕瑜??????덈뒗 ?곕が?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- ntpd  : Network Time Protocol(NTP) ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- pop3s  : SSL??吏?썝?섎뒗 POP3S ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- portmap : rpc瑜?TCP/IP?ы듃濡?蹂?솚?섎뒗 rpc portmapper
- proftpd : ftp?곕が???쇱쥌??proftp?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- rarpd  : RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- routed : ?쇱슦?낅뜲紐??꾨줈洹몃옩
- rstatd : rpc rstatd ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩(kernel statistics server)
- rsync  : ?붿뒪?щ룞湲고솕???ㅽ듃?뚰겕諛깆뾽???꾪븳 rsync ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- rusersd : rpc rusers ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- rwalld : 濡쒓렇?명븳 ?ъ슜?먯뿉寃?硫붿떆吏?? 蹂대궡??rpc rwalld ?곕が
- rwhod  : ?쒕쾭??濡쒓렇留곥꽩???ъ슜???뺤씤(rpc rwhod ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩)
- sendmail : sendmail ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- smb  ; ?쇰컮(samba)?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- snmpd  : ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕愿?━ ?꾨줈?좎퐳??snmpd ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- sshd  : Secure Shell(SSH) ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- swat  : ?쇰컮(samba) ?밴?由ы댋 ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- syslog : 濡쒓렇?쒖뒪???곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- telnet : ?붾꽬(telnet)?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- webmin : ?뱀뿉???쒖뒪?쒓?由щ? ?????덈뒗 webmin ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- xfs  : X?덈룄?곕? ?꾪븳 ?고듃(font)?쒕쾭 ?곕が
- xinetd : ?명꽣?룹닔?쇰뜲紐?xinetd ?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.
- ypbind : NIS 諛붿씤???곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩
- yppaswdd : NIS?쒕쾭/?대씪?댁뼵?멸컙 ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶媛깆떊 ?곕が
- ypserv : NIS ?쒕쾭?곕が ?꾨줈洹몃옩.

* ?ъ슫?쒖뭅?쒕? 媛먯??섍퀬 ?ㅼ젙?섎뒗 洹몃옒???명꽣?섏씠??BR># redhat-config-soundcard
# system-config-soundcard

* ?ъ슜?먯? 吏묐떒?ㅼ쓣 愿?━?섎뒓???ъ슜?섎뒗 洹몃옒???명꽣?섏씠??BR># redhat-config-users
# system-config-users

* ?쒖뒪??紐⑤땲???뗮똿 ?꾨줈洹몃옩
# sytem-config-display

* ?쒕쾭愿?━?먯쓽 ??븷
1. ?꾩옱 ?댁쁺以묒씤 ?쒕쾭???섎뱶?⑥뼱???댁쁺泥댁젣?먯꽌 媛?쭏 ???덈뒗 理쒕????깅뒫???????덈룄濡?"?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 理쒖쟻?? ?댁빞?⑸땲??
2. 二쇨린?곸씠怨?諛섎났?곸씤 ?묒뾽?ㅼ? ?섑봽濡쒓렇?⑥씠??C, Perl ?깆쓽 ?몄뼱瑜??ъ슜?섏뿬 "諛섎났?낅Т???낅Т?먮룞??瑜??댁빞?⑸땲??
3. ?쒕쾭 ?댁쁺泥댁젣???ъ슜?먯쓽 ?곗씠?곕낫?몃? ?꾪븯??"?뺤떎??蹂댁븞??퉬"瑜?援ъ텞?섍퀬 ?덉뼱???⑸땲??
4. "泥닿퀎?곸씠怨?二쇨린?곸씤 諛깆뾽?뺤콉"???곸슜?섍퀬 ?덉뼱???⑸땲??
5. ?쒕쾭 ?μ븷諛쒖깮?쒖뿉 媛?옣 鍮좊Ⅴ寃?蹂듦뎄媛?媛?뒫?섎룄濡?"鍮좊Ⅸ 蹂듦뎄?뺤콉"??留덈젴?섍퀬 ?덉뼱???⑸땲??

* 由щ늼???쒕쾭??醫낅즺 諛??ъ떆??BR>- shutdown???댁슜???쒖뒪??醫낅즺 諛??ъ떆??BR># /sbin/shutdown [-t sec] [-rkhncfF] time [warning-messages]
  -k : ?ㅼ젣濡?醫낅즺?섏? ?딄퀬 紐⑤뱺 ?ъ슜?먯뿉寃?寃쎄퀬 硫붿떆吏?쭔??蹂대깄?덈떎.
  -r : ?쒖뒪??醫낅즺?꾩뿉 ?щ??낆쓣 ?⑸땲??(reboot)
  -h : ?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 醫낅즺?섎ʼn ?щ??낆쓣 ?섏? ?딆뒿?덈떎.(halt)
  -f : ?щ??낇븷 ???뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖껜?〓? (fsck: file system check)瑜??섏? ?딆뒿?덈떎.
  -c : ?댁쟾???대졇??shutdown紐낅졊??痍⑥냼?⑸땲??
  time : 紐뉖텇 ?꾩뿉 ?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 醫낅즺??寃껋씤媛?? 吏?젙?⑸땲??
  warning-messages : ?ъ슜?먯뿉寃?蹂대궡吏?醫낅즺 硫붿떆吏?
# shutdown -h 5 "system rebooting..." -> "system rebooting..." 硫붿떆瑜?肉뚮━硫댁꽌 ?꾩옱遺?꽣 5遺??꾩뿉 ?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 醫낅즺
# shutdown -c -> shutdown 醫낅즺紐낅졊 痍⑥냼
# shutdown -r +5 "system rebooting..." -> 5遺??꾩뿉 ?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?ъ떆??BR># shutdown -r now -> ?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 利됱떆 ?щ???BR># shutdown -h now -> ?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 利됱떆 醫낅즺
- reboot(= shutdown -r now)?쇰줈 ?쒕쾭 ?ъ떆?묓븯湲?BR>- poweroff濡??쒕쾭 醫낅즺?섍린
- halt(= shutdown -h now)濡??쒕쾭 醫낅즺?섍린
- init???먰븯???ㅽ뻾?덈꺼濡??쒕쾭 醫낅즺 諛??ъ떆??BR>?덈꺼0 : ?쒖뒪?쒖쥌猷?init 0, 洹몃━怨?halt??shutdown -h now???숈씪??
?덈꺼1 : ?깃?紐⑤뱶(愿?━紐⑤뱶), ?쀣꽩?붾줈?쒕쭔 ?묎렐媛?뒫?섎ʼn ?섑띁?좎?(root)留뚯씠 ?ъ슜?????덈떎. ?쒖뒪?쒓?由щ굹 root?⑥뒪?뚮뱶瑜?踰쇨꼍?섍퀬?먰븷 ?뚯뿉 ?ъ슜??init 1)
?덈꺼2 : NFS瑜?吏?썝?섏??딅뒗 硫?떚?좎? ?ㅽ뻾紐⑤뱶(init 2)
?덈꺼3 : NFS瑜?吏?썝?섎뒗 硫?떚?좎? ?ㅽ뻾紐⑤뱶(init 3)
?덈꺼4 : ?ъ슜?섏??딅뒗 ?ㅽ뻾?덈꺼(?ъ슜?먭? 吏?젙?섏뿬 ?ъ슜?????덉쓬)
?덈꺼5 : X?덈룄???섍꼍?쇰줈 ?ㅽ뻾??硫?떚?좎? ?쒗뻾紐⑤뱶(init 5)
?덈꺼6 : ?쒕쾭 ?щ??낅릺???ㅽ뻾紐⑤뱶(init 6, reboot, shutdown -r now)

* CDROM 留덉슫??BR># mount -t iso9660 /dev/hdc /media/cdrom
# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
# umount /media/cdrom

* 由щ늼??蹂듦뎄(遺?똿)?붿뒪耳??쒖옉?섍린
1. mkbootdis
# mkbootdisk --device /dev/fd0 2.6.9-.667smp
2. dd
# fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
# dd if=/boot/vmlinuz-2.6.9-1.667 of=/dev/fd0
# rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/hda1

* 由щ늼???붾젆?좊━ 援ъ“
/ : 理쒖긽???붾젆?좊━??猷⑦듃?붾젆?좊━
/bin : 以묒슂?섍퀬 瑗??꾩슂??紐낅졊?닿? ?덈뒗 ?붾젆?좊━
/boot : 而ㅻ꼸(vmlinux?? ?쒖뒪??遺?똿??愿?젴???뚯씪????옣?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/dev : ?쒖뒪???붾컮?댁뒪(device)?뚯씪????옣?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/etc : ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶?뚯씪???쒖뒪?쒖쓽 ?꾩껜 ?섍꼍?ㅼ젙?뚯씪????옣?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/home : ?ъ슜?먯쓽 ?롢뀅?붾젆?좊━, ???遺?ID???숈씪???대쫫???붾젆?좊━瑜?媛?쭚.
/lib : ?꾨줈洹몃옩(C, C++?????꾩슂??媛곸쥌 ?쇱씠釉뚮윭由щ? ??옣
/media : ?뚮줈?? CD-ROM??留덉슫?몃? ?꾪븳 ?붾젆?좊━.(/mnt in redhat9)
/proc : ?ㅽ뻾以묒씤 ?꾨줈?몄뒪???꾩옱 ?쒖뒪?쒖젙蹂대? ?뚯씪?뺥깭濡???옣?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 媛?긽?붾젆?좊━.
/root : root???덈뵒?됲넗由?
/sbin : ?쒖뒪??愿?━?먯슜 紐낅졊?대? ??옣?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/tmp : ?쇱떆?곸씤 ??옣???꾪븳 ?붾젆?좊━.
/usr : 媛곸쥌 ?댄뵆由ъ??댁뀡?깆씠 ?ㅼ튂?섏뼱 ?덈뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/var : ?쒖뒪?쒖슫??以묒뿉 ?앹꽦?섏뿀?ㅺ? ??젣?섎뒗 ?곗씠?곕? ?쇱떆????옣???꾪븳 ?붾젆?좊━.
/usr/bin : ?쇰컲?ъ슜?먮뱾???ъ슜媛?뒫??紐낅졊???뚯씪?ㅼ씠 議댁옱?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/usr/X11R6 : X ?덈룄???쒖뒪?쒖쓽 猷⑦듃 ?붾젆?좊━.
/usr/include : C ?꾨줈洹몃옩???꾩슂???ㅻ뱶?뚯씪(*.h) ?붾젆?좊━.
/usr/lib : /lib???ㅼ뼱媛?? ?딆? ?쇱씠釉뚮윭由??붾젆?좊━.
/usr/man : 紐낅졊?대뱾???꾩?留먯쓣 二쇰뒗 留ㅻ돱??manual)?섏씠吏??붾젆?좊━.
/usr/sbin : /bin???쒖쇅??紐낅졊?댁? ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕愿?젴 紐낅졊?닿? ?ㅼ뼱?덈뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/usr/src : ?꾨줈洹몃옩 ?뚯뒪(二쇰줈 而ㅻ꼸?뚯뒪)媛???옣?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/usr/local : MYSQL, Apache?깃낵 媛숈? ?댄뵆由ъ??댁뀡?ㅼ씠 ?ㅼ튂?섎뒗 ?μ냼.
/var/log : 媛곸쥌 濡쒓렇?뚯씪(messages ?뚯씪??????옣?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━.
/var/spool/mail : 媛?怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먮뱾??硫붿씪?뚯씪????옣?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━
/var/spool/lpd : ?꾨┛?몃? ?섍린 ?꾪븳 ?꾩떆 ?붾젆?좊━(?ㅽ?留??붾젆?좊━).
/var/spool/mqueue : 諛쒖넚???꾪븳 硫붿씪 ?쇱떆??옣 ?붾젆?좊━
/var/spool/cron : 媛??ъ슜?먮뱾??cron ?ㅼ젙?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 ??옣???붾젆?좊━
/var/spool/at : atd 利? ?덉빟?묒뾽??媛꾪븳 ?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 ??옣?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━
/var/ftp : FTP?쒕퉬?ㅻ? ?꾪븳 ?ㅼ슫濡쒕뱶???뚯씪??利? FTP?덈뵒?됲넗由?BR>/var/www : RPM?쇰줈 ?ㅼ튂???꾪뙆移섏쓽 ?덊럹?댁? ?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 ??옣?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━ 利? ?꾪뙆移??덊럹?댁? ?붾젆?좊━
/var/named : BIND 利? DNS?먯꽌 ?ъ슜?섎뒗 zone?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 ??옣?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━
/etc/mail : sendmail.cf??access?뚯씪?깆쓽 sendmail???ㅼ젙?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 議댁옱?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━
/etc/ssh : SSH?쒕퉬?? 利?sshd?곕が?먯꽌 ?ъ슜?섎뒗 媛곸쥌 ?ㅼ젙?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 議댁옱?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━
/etc/squid : squid ?꾨씫?쒖꽌踰꾩쓽 ?ㅼ젙?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 ??옣???붾젆?좊━
/etc/samba : ?쇰컮愿?젴 ?ㅼ젙?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 ??옣???붾젆?좊━
/etc/skel : 怨꾩젙?ъ슜???앹꽦?쒖쓽 珥덇린?뷀뙆?쇰뱾????옣???붾젆?좊━(useradd?먯꽌 ?ъ슜??
/etc/rd.d : 遺?똿?덈꺼蹂?遺?똿?ㅽ겕由쏀듃?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 議댁옱?섎뒗 ?붾젆?좊━
/etc/pam.d : PAM?ㅼ젙 ?뺣낫?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 ??옣???붾젆?좊━
/etc/httpd : RPM?쇰줈 ?ㅼ튂???꾪뙆移??ㅼ젙?뚯씪(httpd.conf???ㅼ씠 ??옣???붾젆?좊━

* 由щ늼??遺?똿怨쇱젙
1. ?꾩썝?ㅼ쐞移?ON
2. BIOS?꾨줈洹몃옩 ?ㅽ뻾
3. ROM-BIOS??POST(?먯껜吏꾨떒湲곕뒫) ?섑뻾
4. ROM-BIOS媛?遺?듃濡쒕뜑(GRUB)瑜?遺덈윭?ㅼ엫
5. ROM-BIOS???ㅽ뻾醫낅즺??GRUB???ㅽ뻾?쒖옉
   寃?깋??遺?똿留ㅼ껜??0踰??뱁꽣(???遺?MBR ?대씪怨?遺?쫫)?먯꽌 Boot Program???쎌뼱?ㅼ뿬 硫붾え由щ줈 ?곸옱(濡쒕뱶, load)?⑸땲??
6. GRUB???ㅽ뻾珥덇린 ?④퀎
   GRUB??硫붾돱, ?낅젰??린?곹깭
7. GRUB???섑븳 遺?똿硫붾돱 ?좏깮
   ?ш린???좏깮??遺?똿硫붾돱濡?GRUB??遺?똿??怨꾩냽???섍컩?덈떎.
   GRUB ?ㅼ젙 ?뚯씪(/boot/grub/grub.conf, /boot/grub/menu.lst)
8. GRUB??而ㅻ꼸?대?吏?? 硫붾え由щ줈 ?곸옱??swapper ?몄텧
   GRUB???낅젰??而ㅻ꼸?대?吏?? 硫붾え由щ줈 遺덈윭?ㅼ엯?덈떎.(?곸옱, load) 硫붾え由щ줈 load??而ㅻ꼸??swapper瑜??몄텧?⑸땲??
9. swapper???μ튂 ?쒕씪?대툕 珥덇린??BR>   GRUB???섑빐 swapper?쇰뒗 pid 0踰덉씤 ?꾨줈?몄뒪媛??ㅽ뻾???섎ʼn swapper??媛??μ튂 ?쒕씪?대툕?ㅼ쓣 珥덇린???⑸땲??
10. swapper??init?꾨줈?몄뒪 ?ㅽ뻾
    swapper?쇰뒗 ?꾨줈?몄뒪???ㅼ떆 pid 1??init?꾨줈?몄뒪(/sbin/init)瑜??ㅽ뻾?섍쾶 ?⑸땲?? 利? swapper媛?init?꾨줈?몄뒪瑜??ㅽ뻾?쒗궎怨?蹂몄뿰??swapper濡쒖꽌??湲곕뒫???섑뻾?섍린 ?쒖옉?⑸땲??
11. init?꾨줈?몄뒪??/etc/inittab?뚯씪 ?몄텧
    init?꾨줈?몄뒪??/etc/inittab?뚯씪???쎌뼱?ㅼ엯?덈떎. ?? init?꾨줈?몄뒪???쒖씪癒쇱? /etc/inittab ?뚯씪???쎌뼱??init?꾨줈?몄뒪媛?臾댁뾿???댁빞??寃껋씠媛?? 寃곗젙?섍쾶 ?⑸땲??
    /etc/inittab?뚯씪?댁쓽 媛??됱쓽 ?щ㎎
    name: level-number:options:process -options
    ?몃쾲吏???ぉ??options ???????덈뒗 寃껊뱾
    - respawn  : ?꾨줈?몄뒪媛?醫낅즺?좊븣留덈떎 ?ъ떎?됰맗?덈떎.
    - wait  : 吏?젙???꾨줈?몄뒪媛??ㅽ뻾?섎㈃ init???꾨줈?몄뒪媛?醫낅즺???뚭퉴吏?湲곕떎由??꾩뿉 ?ㅼ쓬 ?묒뾽?쇰줈 ?섍??꾨줉 ?섎뒗 ?듭뀡?낅땲??
    - once  : ?대떦 ?꾨줈?몄뒪瑜??쒕쾲留??ㅽ뻾?섎룄濡??섎뒗 ?듭뀡?낅땲??
    - boot  : ?쒖뒪?쒖씠 遺?똿?섎뒗 ?숈븞 ?대떦 ?꾨줈?몄뒪媛??ㅽ뻾?섎ʼn, init???ㅽ뻾?덈꺼?꾨뱶瑜?臾댁떆?⑸땲??
    - bootwait  : ?쒖뒪?쒖씠 遺?똿?섎뒗 ?숈븞 ?대떦 ?꾨줈?몄뒪媛??ㅽ뻾?섎ʼn, init???꾨줈?몄뒪媛?醫낅즺???뚭퉴吏?湲곕떎由쎈땲??
    - off  : ?꾨Т???숈옉??諛쒖깮?섏? ?딅룄濡??섎뒗 ?듭뀡?낅땲??
    - ondemand  : ?ㅽ뻾?덈꺼??1, 2, 3??寃쎌슦?먮쭔 ?뉗슜?⑸땲?? init?????멸컻???ㅽ뻾?덈꺼怨??④퍡 ?몄슱???뚮쭔 ?꾨줈?몄뒪媛??묐룞?⑸땲?? ???ъ슜?섏? ?딅뒗 ?듭뀡?낅땲??
    - initdefault : ?쒖뒪?쒖씠 遺?똿?섎㈃???대뼡 ?ㅽ뻾?덈꺼濡?遺?똿????寃껋씤媛?? 寃곗젙?섍쾶 ?섎뒗 ?듭뀡?낅땲?? 利? ?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 ?ㅽ뻾?덈꺼??寃곗젙?섎뒗 ?듭뀡?낅땲??
    - sysinit  : ?쒖뒪?쒖씠 遺?떚?ㅻ뵒???숈븞 ?쒕쾲留??꾨줈?몄뒪媛??ㅽ뻾?섎뒗 ?듭뀡?대땲?? sysinit??boot??bootwait蹂대떎 ?곗꽑沅뚯쓣 媛?쭛?덈떎.
    - powerwait  : init??SIGPWR?좏샇瑜?諛쏅뒗 寃쎌슦?먮쭔 ?꾨줈?몄뒪媛?媛?룞?⑸땲??
    - powerfail  : powerwait怨?媛숈?留? init???꾨줈?몄뒪媛??ㅻ젰?꾠뀣???뚭퉴吏?湲곕떎由ъ? ?딆뒿?덈떎.
    - powerokwait : init媛?SIGPWR?좏샇瑜?諛쏄퀬 /etc/powerstatus?쇰뒗 ?띿뒪???뚯씪??OK?쇰뒗 臾몄옄?댁씠 ?덉쓣 ???꾨줈?몄뒪媛??ㅽ뻾?⑸땲??
    - ctrlaltdel : ???듭뀡??init?꾨줈?몄뒪媛?SIGINT?좏샇瑜?諛쏆븯???뚯뿉 ?깊뻾?섎줉 ?⑸땲??
    - kbrequest  : ???듭뀡??init?꾨줈?몄뒪媛??ㅻ낫?쒓?由ъ옄濡쒕???keyboardsignal??諛쏆븯???뚯뿉 ?대떦?꾨줈?몄뒪瑜??ㅽ뻾?섎룄濡??⑸땲??
12. init???섑빐 /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit ?ㅽ뻾
    /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit ?뚯씪???ㅽ뻾?덈꺼媛?뒗 臾닿??섍쾶 遺?똿怨??④퍡 ?쇳쉶留??ㅽ뻾???⑸땲??
    /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit ?뚯씪????븷
13. init???섑빐 媛?遺?똿 ?덈꺼蹂??ㅽ겕由쏀듃 ?ㅽ뻾
    ???④퀎?먯꽌 寃곗젙???ㅽ뻾?덈꺼???곕씪???ㅼ젙?섏뼱 ?덈뒗 紐⑤뱺 ?꾨줈?몄뒪?ㅼ쓣 ?ㅽ뻾?섍쾶 ?⑸땲??
14. init???섑빐 /etc/rc.d/rc.local ?뚯씪 ?ㅽ뻾
15. init???섑빐 /sbin/update ?ㅽ뻾
16. init???섑빐 CRTL+ALT+DEL???묐룞 ?ㅼ젙
17. init???섑빐 ?꾩썝愿?━ ?ㅼ젙
18. init???섑빐 6媛쒖쓽 媛?긽肄섏넄 ?ㅽ뻾
    肄섏넄 濡쒓렇?몄쓣 ?꾪빐 /sbin/mingetty瑜??ㅽ뻾?⑸땲??
19. init???섑빐 肄섏넄(泥ル쾲吏?媛?긽肄섏넄)濡쒓렇???꾨＼?꾪듃 ?ㅽ뻾??/P>

* ?ъ슜??愿?━
1. ?ъ슜???앹꽦
# useradd bible
# passwd bible
# grep bible /etc/passwd
bible:x:500:500:/home/bible:/bin/bash
# grep bible /etc/shadow
bible:$akdsjflkjalkdjfakdjfa;dkjfqpijfa:12784:0:99999:7:::
# grep bible /etc/group
bible:x:500:
# ls /home/bible
# ls -l /var/spool/mail/bible
-rw-rw---- 1 bible mail 0 Jan 1 13:46 bible
# useradd -d /user/bible2 -u 1000 -s /bin/sh bible2
# grep bible2 /etc/passwd
bible2:x:1000:1000::/user/bible2:/bin/sh
# grep bible2 /etc/shadow
bible2:!!:12784:0:99999:7:::
# grep bible2 /etc/group
bible2:x:1000
# ls /user/bible2
# useradd -d /user/bible3 -u 2000 -s /bin/csh -c parkSungSoo -e 2011-12-3 -p 88888888 bible3
  -d /user/bible3 : ?덈뵒?됲넗由??꾩튂瑜?/user/bible3?쇰줈 吏?젙??BR>  -u 2000  : UID瑜?2000?쇰줈 吏?젙??BR>  -s /bin/csh  : bible3 ?ъ슜?먭? 湲곕낯?쇰줈 ?ъ슜???섏쥌瑜섎? C?섎줈 吏?젙??BR>  -c ParkSungSoo : 怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먯쓽 媛꾨떒??肄붾찘?몃Ц(二쇰줈 ?대쫫?대굹 ?щТ?ㅻ챸?깆쓣 吏?젙??
  -e 2011-12-31  : bible3 ?ъ슜?먯쓽 怨꾩젙?ъ슜 醫낅즺?쇱옄瑜?2011??12??31?쇰줈 吏?젙??BR>  -p 88888888  : bible3?ъ슜?먯쓽 湲곕낯 ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶瑜?88888888濡?吏?젙??BR>  bible3  : ?앹꽦??怨꾩젙紐?bible3)??吏?젙??BR># grep bible3 /etc/passwd
bible3:x:2000:2000:ParkSungSoo:/user/bible3:/bin/csh
# grep bible2 /etc/shadow
bible2:88888888:12784:0:99999:7::15339:
# grep bible2 /etc/group
bible3:x:2000
# ls /user/bible3
- useradd 紐낅졊??李몄“?섎뒗 ?뚯씪??BR>  a. /etc/default/useradd ?뚯씪
     ???뚯씪??useradd 紐낅졊?대줈 ?덈줈???ъ슜?먮? ?앹꽦???뚯뿉 湲곕낯?곸쑝濡??ъ슜???덈뵒?됲넗由ъ? ?ъ슜???섏쥌瑜? 醫낅즺?쇱옄, 湲곕낯?뚯냽洹몃９, ?덈뵒?됲넗由ъ뿉 蹂듭궗??珥덇린???뚯씪?ㅼ쓽 ?꾩튂?깆쓣 ?뺤쓽?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?뚯씪?낅땲??
     GROUP=100
     HOME=/home
     INACTIVE=-1
     EXPIRE=   # EXPIRE="2010-10-30"
     SHELL=/bin/bash
     SKEL=/etc/skel
  b. /etc/login.defs
     MAIL_DIR  媛?怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먮뱾??硫붿씪?뚯씪????옣???꾩튂瑜?吏?젙
     PASS_MAX_DAYS 怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먮뱾???⑥뒪?뚮뱶瑜?蹂?꼍?섏? ?딄퀬 ?숈씪???⑥뒪?뚮뱶瑜?吏?냽?곸쑝濡??ъ슜?????덈뒗 理쒕??쇱옄
     PASS_MIN_DAYS ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶 蹂?꼍?놁씠 ?ъ슜?????덈뒗 理쒖냼?쇱옄
     PASS_MIN_LEN 媛?怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먮뱾???⑥뒪?뚮뱶臾몄옄濡?吏?젙?????덈뒗 理쒖냼諛붿씠?몄닔(?곷Ц?먯닔)
     PASS_WARN_AGE ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶 醫낅즺?쇱옄媛??ㅺ??ㅺ린 紐뉗씪 ?뺣????⑥뒪?뚮뱶 ?ъ슜遺덇?????븳 ?덈궡硫붿떆吏?? ?뚮젮以?寃껋씤媛?? 吏?젙??寃껋씠??
     UID_MIN  ?쇰컲?ъ슜?먯쓽 UID踰덊샇瑜??좊떦???뚯뿉 ?먮룞 ?좊떦??理쒖냼 UID踰덊샇瑜?吏?젙
     UID_MAX  由щ늼???쒕쾭?먯꽌 ?앹꽦?????덈뒗 UID??理쒕?媛?BR>     GID_MIN  ?덈줈 ?앹꽦?섎뒗 洹몃９??GID ?쒖옉踰덊샇
     GID_MAX  ?덈줈 ?앹꽦?섎뒗 洹몃９?먯꽌 吏?젙?????덈뒗 理쒕? GID踰덊샇
     CREATE_HOME ?덈줈 ?앹꽦?섎뒗 怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먯쓽 ?덈뵒?됲넗由щ? ?앹꽦??寃껋씤媛?? 寃곗젙?섎뒗 媛?BR>  c. /etc/skel
     ?ъ슜?먮? ?앹꽦???? ???붾젆?좊━??紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪?ㅼ씠 ?ъ슜?먯쓽 ?덈뵒?됲넗由щ줈 蹂듭궗?쒕떎.
2. ?ъ슜????젣
# userdel [-r] ?ъ슜?먮챸
# userdel bible2
# userdel -r bible3
3. ?ъ슜???뺣낫蹂?꼍
# usermod -d /usr/sspark5 sspark5 -> ?덈뵒?됲넗由?蹂?꼍
# usermod -e 2006-12-31 sspark5 -> 怨꾩젙?ъ슜醫낅즺???ㅼ젙
# usermod -s /bin/csh sspark5 -> 湲곕낯?ъ슜??蹂?꼍
# usermod -u 508 sspark5 -> UID 蹂?꼍
# usermod -l bible5 -p 12345678 sspark5 -> ?꾩씠?붾? bible5濡??⑥뒪?뚮뱶瑜?12345678濡?蹂?꼍
4. ?ъ슜?먮? ?쇱떆?곸쑝濡?濡쒓렇?명븯吏?紐삵븯寃??섍린
# grep test00 /etc/shadow
# passwd -l test00
test00:$1$tAeIn2Ca$mLxnIr.n4VO/4jqa85F/8/:13229:0:99999:7:::
# grep test00 /etc/shadow
test00:!!$1$tAeIn2Ca$mLxnIr.n4VO/4jqa85F/8/:13229:0:99999:7:::
# passwd -u test00
# grep test00 /etc/shadow
test00:$1$tAeIn2Ca$mLxnIr.n4VO/4jqa85F/8/:13229:0:99999:7:::
5. 紐⑤뱺 ?쇰컲?ъ슜?먮뱾???쇱떆?곸씤 ?쒕쾭?묒냽 湲덉?諛⑸쾿
# touch /etc/nologin -> ???뚯씪???덉쑝硫?root 瑜??쒖쇅???쇰컲?ъ슜?먮뒗 濡쒓렇?명븷 ???녿떎.

* passwd : ?ъ슜???⑥뒪?뚮뱶 愿?━
# passwd [-k] [-l] [-u [-f]] [-d] [-S] [?ъ슜??ID]
# passwd widemail -> widemail ?ъ슜???⑥뒪?뚮뱶 蹂?꼍
# passwd -S widemail -> widemail???⑥뒪?뚮뱶瑜?MD5濡??뷀샇?뷀븳??
# passwd -l widemail -> widemail ?ъ슜?먯쓽 ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶??lock瑜?嫄대떎. widemail ?ъ슜?먮뒗 濡쒓렇?명븷 ???녿떎.
# passwd -u widemail -> widemail ?ъ슜?먯뿉寃?嫄몄뿀??lock???댁젣?쒕떎.
# passwd -d widemail -> widemail ?ъ슜?먯옄???⑥뒪?뚮뱶瑜???젣?쒕떎. widemail ?ъ슜?먮뒗 ?대뼡 ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶濡쒕룄 濡쒓렇?몄씠 媛?뒫?섎떎.

* 洹몃９ 愿?━
1. 洹몃９?앹꽦
# groupadd [-g GID] [-o] [-r] [-f] ?덈줈?앹꽦?좉렇猷밸챸
# groupadd chongmu
# tail -1 /etc/group
chongmu:x:505:
# groupadd -g 1000 youngup
# tail -1 /etc/group
youngup:x:1000:
# groupadd -r sysadmin -> -r ?듭뀡?쇰줈 ?쒖뒪?쒖뿬??쓽 GID瑜??좊떦諛쏅뒗??
# tail -1 /etc/group
sysadmin:x:11:
2. 洹몃９??젣
# groupdel sysadmin

* 濡쒓렇??硫붿떆吏?愿?━
- /etc/issue  : 肄섏넄(console)?묒냽 ?쒕룄???묒냽?꾨즺????蹂댁뿬以?硫붿떆吏?뙆??BR>- /etc/issue.net : ?먭꺽吏?뿉???묒냽 ?쒕룄???묒냽?꾨즺????蹂댁뿬以?硫붿떆吏?뙆??BR>- /etc/motd  : ID, ?⑥뒪?뚮뱶濡??몄쬆??諛쏆? ??利? ?묒냽?꾨즺?꾩뿉 蹂댁뿬以?硫붿떆吏?뙆??/P>

* ?꾨＼?꾪듃 蹂?꼍
?섑봽濡ы봽?몄쓽 紐⑥뼇??寃곗젙?섎뒗 寃껋? ?꾨＼?꾪듃??蹂?닔??PS1?대씪??蹂?닔??媛믪쓣 蹂?꼍?⑥쑝濡쒖뜥 媛?뒫?⑸땲??
# echo $PS1
[\u@\h \W]\$
PS1?섎??섏쓽 媛믪쑝濡??ъ슜?????덈뒗 湲고샇??BR>\t 24?쒓컙?쒕줈 ?꾩옱?쒓컙???섑??? ?쒖떆?뺤떇????遺?珥? 利?"HH:MM:SS"???뺤떇??BR>\T 12?쒓컙?쒕줈 ?꾩옱?쒓컙??"HH:MM:SS"?뺤떇?쇰줈 ?쒖떆??BR>\@ 12?쒓컙?쒕줈 ?꾩옱?쒓컙??"?ㅼ쟾/?ㅽ썑"?뺤떇?쇰줈 ?쒖떆??BR>\d ?꾩옱 ?좎쭨瑜??섑??? ?쒖떆?뺤떇??"?붿씪 ??????臾몄옄濡??쒖떆??BR>\s ?꾩옱 ?ъ슜以묒씤 ?섏쓽 ?대쫫???쒖떆??C?섏씠硫?/bin/csh, bash?섏씠硫?/bin/bash??
\w ?꾩옱?붾젆?좊━???꾩껜 ?덈?寃쎈줈瑜?紐⑤몢 ?쒖떆??BR>\W ?꾩옱 ?붾젆?좊━???꾩껜 ?덈?寃쎈줈紐낆쨷 留덉?留??붾젆?좊━紐낅쭔???쒖떆?? 利? ?꾩옱 ?붾젆?좊━紐낅쭔???쒖떆??
\u ?ъ슜?먮챸???쒖떆??BR>\h ?쒕쾭???몄뒪?몃챸???쒖떆??(?? www.superuer.co.kr?먯꽌 www遺?텇)
\H ?쒕쾭???꾨찓?몃챸???쒖떆??(?? www.superuser.co.kr?먯꽌 superuser.co.kr遺?텇)
\# ?묒냽???쒓컙遺?꽣 ?ъ슜??紐낅졊?댁쓽 踰덊샇瑜?1踰덈???李⑤???줈 ?쒖떆?? 利? 紐낅졊?대? ?ъ슜???잛닔瑜??쒖떆?섍린 ?꾪븿??紐⑹쟻??
\! ?ъ슜??紐낅졊?댁쓽 history踰덊샇瑜??쒖떆??BR>\$ ?꾩옱 ?ъ슜?먭? root(UID媛?0?대㈃)?대㈃ #???쒖떆?섍퀬 ?꾨땲硫?$瑜??쒖떆??BR>\\ "\"臾몄옄 ?먯껜瑜??쒖떆??BR>\a ASCII 醫낆냼由?臾댁옄(07)
\E ASCII??escape臾몄옄(033)
\n 媛쒗뻾臾몄옄(以꾨컮袁멸린)
\v ?ъ슜以묒씤 bash??踰꾩쟾
\V ?ъ슜以묒씤 bash??諛고룷, 踰덉쟾+?⑥튂?섏??쇰줈 踰꾩쟾???곸꽭???쒖떆??
\r Carrage return
\nnn 8吏꾩닔 nnn???대떦?섎뒗 臾몄옄

* ?쒓컙 愿?━
1. clock : CMOS???쒓컙???ㅼ젙
-u : CMOS???쒓컖??援?젣?쒓컖?쇰줈 議곗젙?쒕떎.
-r : CMOS???쒓컖??異쒕젰?쒕떎.
-w : 由щ늼?ㅼ떆?ㅽ뀥 ?쒓컖?쇰줈 CMOS?쒓컖??議곗젙?쒕떎.
-s : CMOS???쒓컖?쇰줈 由щ늼?ㅼ떆?ㅽ뀥?쒓컖??議곗젙?쒕떎.
-a : CMOS???쒓컖?쇰줈 由щ늼?ㅼ떆?ㅽ뀥?쒓컖?쇰줈 議곗젙?섍퀬 ?ㅼ떆 CMOS??議곗젙?쒕떎.
# clock -r -> CMOS ?쒓컙???쎄린
Thu 23 Mar 2006 12:56:56 AM KST  -0.918420 seconds
# clock -w -> 由щ늼?ㅼ쓽 ?쒖뒪?쒖떆媛꾩쑝濡?CMOS ?쒓컙 ?ㅼ젙
# clock -s -> CMOS ?쒓컙?쇰줈 由щ늼?ㅼ쓽 ?쒖뒪?쒖떆媛꾩쓣 ?ㅼ젙
2. date
   - date 濡??쒓컙?ㅼ젙
# date MMDDhhmmYY -> ?쒓컙 ?ㅼ젙
MM ??BR>DD ??以???BR>hh ??BR>mm 遺?BR>CC ?곕룄??泥섏쓬 ???レ옄(?좏깮??
YY ?곕룄???섏쨷 ???レ옄(?좏깮??
ss 珥??좏깮??
# date 020301012005
# date
Thu Feb 3 0:01:03 KST 2005
   - date 濡??쒓컙痢⑤젰
     a. ?쒓컙 ?꾨뱶:
       %H     ??(00..23)
       %I     ??(01..12)
       %k     ??( 0..23)
       %l     ??( 1..12)
       %M     遺?(00..59)
       %p     濡쒖??쇱쓽 AM ?먮뒗 PM
       %r     ?쒓컙, 12-?쒓컙??(hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
       %s     1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC (鍮꾪몴以??뺤옣湲곕뒫)濡?遺?꽣 寃쎄낵??珥?BR>       %S     珥?(00..61)
       %T     ?쒓컙, 24-?쒓컙 (hh:mm:ss)
       %X     濡쒖??쇱뿉???뺤쓽???쒓컙 ?쒗쁽(%H:%M:%S)
       %Z     ?쒓컙??(?? EDT), ?쒓컙??? 寃곗젙?????녿뒗 ?뚮뒗 ?꾨Т 媛믩룄 異쒕젰?섏? ?딅뒗??
     b. ?좎쭨 ?꾨뱶:
       %a     濡쒖??쇱쓽 ?쎌떇 ?붿씪 ?대쫫 (Sun..Sat)
       %A     濡쒖??쇱쓽 ?꾩쟾???붿씪 ?대쫫, 媛?? 湲몄씠 (Sunday..Saturday)
       %b     濡쒖??쇱쓽 ?쎌떇 ???대쫫 (Jan..Dec)
       %B     濡쒖??쇱쓽 ?꾩쟾?????대쫫, 媛?? 湲몄씠 (January..December)
       %c     濡쒖??쇱쓽 ?좎쭨???쒓컙 (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST 1989)
       %d     ??以???(01..31)
       %D     ?좎쭨 (mm/dd/yy)
       %h     %b ???숈씪
       %j     ??以???(001..366)
       %m     ??(01..12)
       %U     ??以?二?踰덊샇, ?쇱슂?쇱쓣 二쇱쓽 泥ル쾲吏??좊줈 ?앷컖 (00..53)
       %w     ?붿씪 踰덊샇 (0..6), 0 ???쇱슂??BR>       %W     ??以?二?踰덊샇, ?붿슂?쇱쓣 二쇱쓽 泥ル쾲吏??좊줈 ?앷컖 (00..53)
       %x     濡쒖??쇱쓽 ?좎쭨 ?쒗쁽??(mm/dd/yy)
       %y     ??以??쇱쓽 留덉?留????レ옄 (00..99)
       %Y     ??(1970...)
3. rdate : ?닿꺽??엫?쒕쾭濡쒕????좎쭨?쒓컙?뺣낫 援ы븯湲?BR># rdate [-p] [-s] [-u] -[l] [??엫?쒕쾭]
# rdate -p time.bora.net
rdate: [time.bora.net]  Thu Mar 23 01:06:43 2006
# rdate -s time.bora.net
# rdate -s time.kriss.re.kr
# crontab -l | grep rdate
00 01 * * * /usr/bin/rdate -s time.bora.net && /sbin/clock -w

* 由щ늼?ㅼ쓽 而ㅻ꼸踰꾩쟾 諛?諛고룷?먮쾭???뺤씤
# uname -a
Linux mail.jpd.co.kr 2.6.15-1.1833_FC4 #1 Wed Mar 1 23:41:37 EST 2006 i686 i686 i386 GNU/Linux
# uname -r
2.6.15-1.1833_FC4
# cat /etc/redhat-release
Fedora Core release 4 (Stentz)
# cat /proc/version
Linux version 2.6.15-1.1833_FC4 (bhcompile@hs20-bc1-1.build.redhat.com) (gcc version 4.0.2 20051125 (Red Hat 4.0.2-8)) #1 Wed Mar 1 23:41:37 EST 2006
# cat /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
2.6.15-1.1833_FC4

* USB ?μ튂 ?ъ슜
1. USB?μ튂瑜?由щ늼?ㅼ꽌踰꾩뿉 瑗쎌븘?먯떗?쒖삤.
2. USB?μ튂瑜?留덉슫?명븷 留덉슫?명룷?명듃瑜??앹꽦?쒕떎.
# mkdir /media/usb
3. modprobe紐낅졊?대줈 ide-scsi紐⑤뱢??濡쒕뱶?쒕떎.
# modprobe ide-scsi
4. 由щ늼?ㅼ뿉?????遺?USB?μ튂??/dev/sda ?먮뒗 /dev/sdb ?먮뒗 /dev/sdc?깆쓽 ?μ튂紐낆쓣 ?ъ슜?섎뒗???꾩옱 由щ늼?ㅼ꽌踰꾩뿉???ъ슜?섍퀬 ?덉? ?딆? ?μ튂紐낆쓣 USB?μ튂紐낆쑝濡??ъ슜?좎닔 ?덈떎.
   ?대뼡 ?μ튂紐낆뿉 ?좊떦?섏뿀?붽?瑜??뺤씤?섍린 ?꾪븯???ㅼ쓬怨?媛숈씠 "fdisk -l"???ㅽ뻾??蹂몃떎.
# fdisk -l
Disk /dev/sdc: 32M, 32768000 bytes
2 heads ...
5. USB?μ튂媛?/dev/sdc?μ튂瑜??ъ슜?섎뒗 寃껋쓣 ?뺤씤?덉쑝誘?줈, ?대떦 ?μ튂瑜?留덉슫?명븳??
# mount -t vfat /dev/sdc /media/usb
6. ?ъ슜???앸굹硫?留덉슫?몃? ?댁젣?쒕떎.
# umount /media/usb

* rename 紐낅졊??BR># ls
test1  test2  test3  test4  test5
# rename test test0 test?
  - test : 蹂?꼍???뚯씪?⑦꽩
  - test0 : 蹂?꼍???뚯씪?⑦꽩
  - test? : ?곸슜??긽?뚯씪?? ?ш린??????꾩쓽??臾몄옄瑜??섎??쒕떎.
# ls
test01  test02  test03  test04  test05
# rename test0 test test??
# ls
test1  test2  test3  test4  test5

* find 紐낅졊??BR>?ъ슜?뺤떇: find [李얠쓣 ?붾젆?좊━寃쎈줈] [李얘린?듭뀡] [李얠????섑뻾???묒뾽]
[李얠쓣 ?붾젆?좊━寃쎈줈]
.   : ?꾩옱 ?붾젆?좊━ ?댄븯瑜?寃?깋??긽?쇰줈 ?쒕떎.
/   : 猷⑦듃?붾젆?좊━(?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쟾泥??댄븯瑜???긽?쇰줈 ?쒕떎.
~ID : 吏?젙?쏧D???덈??됲넗由ъ씠?섎? ??긽?쇰줈 ?쒕떎.
[李얘린?듭뀡]
-empty  : 鍮꾩뼱?덈뒗 ?뚯씪??李얜뒗??
-uid UID : 吏?젙??UID瑜?媛뽯뒗 ?뚯씪??李얜뒗??
-gid GID : 吏?젙??GID瑜?媛뽯뒗 ?뚯씪??李얜뒗??
-group 洹몃９紐?: 吏?젙??group??媛?쭊 ?뚯씪??李얜뒗??
-name  : 吏?젙???뺤떇???⑦꽩??媛?????뚯씪??李얜뒗??
-newer  : 吏?젙???뚯씪 ?댄썑???앹꽦???뚯씪??李얜뒗??
-perm  : 吏?젙???쇰??섏쓣 媛?쭊 ?뚯씪??李얜뒗??
-used ?쇱옄??: 理쒓렐 n???댄썑??蹂?꼍???뚯씪??李얜뒗??
-user  : 吏?젙???뚯씪???뚯쑀?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?뚯쑀?먯쓽 紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪??李얜뒗??
[李얠????섑뻾???묒뾽]
-exec "?섑뻾紐낅졊?? : 寃?깋???뚯씪????긽?쇰줈 "?섑뻾紐낅졊??(?섎챸?뱀뼱)瑜??ㅽ뻾?쒕떎.
1. ?뱀젙 ?ъ슜?먯쓽 ID?뚯쑀濡쒕맂 紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪 李얘린
# find / -user test01 -print
2. ?뱀젙 ?ъ슜?먯쓽 ?덈뵒?됲넗由??댁뿉??nbsp; ?뱀젙 ?뚯씪 李얘린
# find /home/test01 -name *.html -print
# find ~test01 -name *.html -print
3. ?쒖뒪?쒕궡???뱀젙?뚯씪?ㅼ쓣 寃?깋?섏뿬 ?먮룞??젣?섎뒗 諛⑸쾿
# find ~test01 -name *.bak -exec rm -f {} \;
4. 吏?젙???뚯쑀?먯쓽 紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪??李얠븘???뺤씤?섍린
# find / -user test01 -exec ls -l {} \;
5. ?쒕쾭?댁쓽 遺덊븘?뷀븳 ?뚯씪??紐⑤몢 ?뺣━(??젣)?섍린
# find / -name access_log -exec rm -f {} \;
6. ?뱀젙?⑸웾 ?댁긽?섎뒗 ?뚯씪??紐⑤몢 李얘린(?⑸웾?⑥쐞濡??뚯씪寃?깋)
# find /usr -size +10000k -exec ls -l {} \;
7. ?뱀젙 ?쇰??섏쓣 媛??怨??덈뒗 ?뚯씪??紐⑤몢 李얘린
# find / -perm 4755 -exec ls -l {} \;
8. ?뱀젙?붾젆?좊━?댁뿉 議댁옱?섎뒗 紐⑤뱺 ?붾젆?좊━ 紐⑸줉留??뺤씤?섍린
# find ~test01 -type d -print
9. ?쒕쾭?댁뿉 議댁옱?섎뒗 紐⑤뱺 留곹겕?뚯씪 寃?궗?섍린
# find / -type l -exec ls -l {} \;
10. ?곌린 沅뚰븳???덈뒗 ?뚯씪 諛??붾젆?좊━ 李얘린
# find / -type f \( -perm -2 -o -perm -20 \) -exec ls -lg {} \;
# find / -type d \( -perm -2 -o -perm -20 \) -exec ls -ldg {} \;
11. ?뱀젙臾몄옄瑜??ы븿?섎뒗 ?뚯씪李얘린??洹?臾몄옄媛??랁븳 ??李얘린
# find ~test01 type f -exec egrep -i "doc" /dev/null {} \;

* ?섎뱶?붿뒪??異붽?
1. ?꾩옱 ?ъ슜以묒씤 ?섎뱶?붿뒪???뺤씤(異붽???
# cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=/                 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2
none                    /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
LABEL=/home             /home                   ext3    defaults        1 2
LABEL=/jms              /jms                    ext3    defaults        1 2
none                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
none                    /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
LABEL=/tmp              /tmp                    ext3    defaults        1 2
/dev/sda3               swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/cdrom              /mnt/cdrom              udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0
/dev/fd0                /mnt/floppy             auto    noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
# df -k
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2              5036316    884644   3895840  19% /
/dev/sda1               101089     14577     81293  16% /boot
/dev/sda6              1004024     66172    886848   7% /home
/dev/sda7              9345096   3285944   5584436  38% /jms
none                    127648         0    127648   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda5              1004024     16436    936584   2% /tmp
# mount
/dev/sda2 on / type ext3 (rw)
none on /proc type proc (rw)
usbdevfs on /proc/bus/usb type usbdevfs (rw)
/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext3 (rw)
none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,gid=5,mode=620)
/dev/sda6 on /home type ext3 (rw)
/dev/sda7 on /jms type ext3 (rw)
none on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw)
/dev/sda5 on /tmp type ext3 (rw)
2. 異붽???HDD瑜?HDD?뺤옣?щ’???μ갑?쒕떎.
3. ?덈줈??HDD瑜??μ갑???꾩뿉 ?쒕쾭瑜??щ??낇븳??
4. ?щ??낆씠 ?앸굹怨??섎㈃ dmesg??紐낅졊?대? ?ъ슜?섏뿬 ?μ갑??SCSI HDD???뺣낫瑜??뺤씤?쒕떎.
SCSI device sdb: 71687340 512-byte hdwr sectors (36704 MB)
5. SCSI ID瑜??뺤씤?덈떎硫??댁젣 fdisk瑜??ㅽ뻾?쒖폒 ?뚰떚?섏쓣 ?ㅼ젙??以?떎.
6. ?묒꽦???뚰떚?섏쓣 ?ъ슜?섍린 ?꾪빐 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?앹꽦?쒕떎.
# mke2fs /dev/sdb1 -> for ext2 filesystem
# mke2fs /dev/sdb1 -j -L /data -> for ext3 filesystem
7. 以?퉬???뚰떚?섏쓣 留덉슫?몃? ?쒗궎湲??꾪빐 ?붾젆?좊━瑜??묒꽦?섍퀬 留덉슫?몃? ?쒗궓??
# mkdir /data
# mount -t ext2 /dev/sdb1 /data -> for ext2 filesystem
# mount -t ext3 /dev/sdb1 /data -> for ext3 filesystem
8. 遺?똿???먮룞留덉슫???섍쾶 ?섍린 ?꾪븳 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒗뀒?대툝 ?섏젙
LABEL=/                 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2
none                    /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
LABEL=/home             /home                   ext3    defaults        1 2
LABEL=/jms              /jms                    ext3    defaults        1 2
none                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
none                    /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
LABEL=/tmp              /tmp                    ext3    defaults        1 2
/dev/sda3               swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/cdrom              /mnt/cdrom              udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0
/dev/fd0                /mnt/floppy             auto    noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
LABEL=/data             /data                   ext3    defaults        1 2
9. ?뚯씪?쒖뒪???앹꽦 理쒖쥌?뺤씤
# df -k
Filesystem           1K-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2              5036316    884644   3895840  19% /
/dev/sda1               101089     14577     81293  16% /boot
/dev/sdb1             35278540     32828  33453664   1% /data
/dev/sda6              1004024     66172    886848   7% /home
/dev/sda7              9345096   3285944   5584436  38% /jms
none                    127648         0    127648   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda5              1004024     16436    936584   2% /tmp

* ?쒕쾭 硫붾え由ъ긽???먭??섍린
# free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        255300     178908      76392          0      17696      20380
-/+ buffers/cache:     140832     114468
Swap:      1020116     230444     789672
- Mem?됱? ?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 臾쇰━?곸씤 硫붾え由ъ뿉 ??븳 ?ъ슜?됱쓣 媛??꾨뱶濡??쒖떆??寃껋씠??
  total???꾩껜 硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾
  used???꾩옱 ?쒖뒪?쒖뿉???ъ슜以묒씤 硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾
  free???꾩옱 ?쒖뒪?쒖뿉???ъ슜以묒씠吏??딆? 硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾
  shared???꾩옱 ?쒖뒪?쒖뿉??怨듭쑀??硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾
  buffers???꾩옱 ?쒖뒪?쒖뿉??踰꾪띁留?buffering)??硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾
  cached???꾩옱 ?쒖뒪?쒖뿉??罹먯떛(caching)??硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾
- -/+ buffers/cache ???꾩옱 罹먯떆硫붾え由ъ뿉??踰꾪띁留곷맂 ?ъ슜?됱쓣 ?쒖떆?쒕떎.
- Swap硫붾え由щ뒗 ?ㅼ솑硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾?대떎.
  total???쒖뒪?쒖쓽 ?꾩껜 Swap硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾
  used???꾩껜 ?ㅼ솑硫붾え由ъ뿉???꾩옱 ?ъ슜以묒씤 ?ㅼ솑硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾
  free???꾩껜 ?ㅼ솑硫붾え由ъ뿉???ъ슜?섏? ?딄퀬 ?⑥븯??硫붾え由ъ쓽 ?⑸웾

* ping ?묐떟 ?ㅼ젙/?댁젣
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all -> ping???묐떟?섏? ?딄쾶 ?ㅼ젙
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all -> ping???묐떟?섎룄濡??ㅼ젙

* Quota ?ㅼ젙
quota??愿?젴?섏뿬 ?뚯븘?먯뀛?쇳븯??寃껋? ?ㅼ쓬怨?媛숈뒿?덈떎.
- 而ㅻ꼸荑쇳?吏?썝?щ? : 而ㅻ꼸(kernel)?먯꽌 ?대떦 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 quota吏?썝???섎뒗媛?
- quota   : ?ㅼ젙??媛??ъ슜??洹몃９)??quota瑜??뺤씤?쒕떎.
- edquota  : 媛??ъ슜??洹몃９)???붿뒪??quota瑜??ㅼ젙?쒕떎.
- quotaon  : ?쒖뒪?쒖뿉??quota瑜?媛?룞?쒕떎.
- quotaoff  : ?쒖뒪?쒖뿉??quota瑜?以묒??쒕떎.
- quotacheck  : ?쒖뒪?쒖뿉??quota ?곹솴???뺤씤?쒕떎.
- repquota  : ?ъ슜?먮뱾??quota?ㅼ젙?댁뿭???뺤씤?쒕떎.
1. quota ?곸슜???꾪븳 ?쇱씪?쒖뒪???섏젙?ы빆
quota瑜??곸슜???뚰떚?섏쓽 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??留덉슫?몄떆??usrquota?쇰뒗 ?띿꽦???ｌ뼱??留덉슫?명븳??
# grep usrquota /etc/fstab
LABEL=/home  /home  ext3 defaults,usrquota 1 2
2. ?쒖뒪?쒖빱?먯뿉??quota吏?썝?щ? ?뺤씤?섍린
/var/log/messages?뚯씪怨?dmesg紐낅졊?대줈 quota愿?젴 ?댁슜???뺤씤?쒕떎.
# dmesg | grep quota
VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.5.1
3. ?뱀젙 ?ъ슜?먯쓽 quota?ㅼ젙 ?댁뿭???뺤씤?섎뒗 諛⑸쾿
# quota -v dhan
Disk quotas for user dhan (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sda6 23680 0 50000 1887 0 0
quota?먯꽌 "Soft Limit"?대? ?쇰컲?곸씤 ?⑸웾?쒗븳踰붿쐞瑜??섎??섎뒗 寃껋쑝濡??ш린???ㅼ젙???⑸웾??
?섍린寃??섎㈃ ?쇰떒???좎삁湲곌컙(grace period)?댁뿉?쒕뒗 ?덉슜???섏?留?寃쎄퀬瑜?諛쏄쾶 ?⑸땲??
quota?먯꽌 "Hard Limit"?대? ?덈??곸쑝濡??섏쓣 ???녿뒗 ?⑸웾?쒗븳???섎??⑸땲??
?ъ슜?먯뿉寃??덉슜???⑸웾??10%?뺣룄瑜?異붽컝 ??옣?????덈룄濡??ㅼ젙?????덈떎.
quota?먯꽌 "Grace Period"???좎삁湲곌컙?쇰줈???대떦 ?ъ슜?먯쓽 ?⑸웾??"Soft Limit"???섍린??BR>?쒖젏遺?꽣 ?곸슜?섏뼱 ?⑸웾珥덇낵瑜??덉슜???쒓컙???섎??⑸땲??
4. ?쇰컲?ъ슜?먯쓽 ?먭린?먯떊??quota?ㅼ젙?댁뿭 ?뺤씤?섎뒗 諛⑸쾿
# quota -u dhan
Disk quotas for user dhan (uid 500):
Filesystem blocks quota limit grace files quota limit grace
/dev/sda6 23680 0 50000 1887 0 0
5. ?뱀젙 洹몃９???붿뒪?ъ슜???ㅼ젙?댁슜 ?뺤씤?섍린
# quota -g dhan
Disk quotas for group dhan (gid 500): none
6. ?붿뒪?ъ궗?⑸웾 ?쒗븳 ?ㅼ젙?섎뒗 edquota
# edquota -u dhan
?ㅼ젙????quota瑜??곸슜???뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖뿉??aquota.user ?뚯씪???앹꽦?쒕떎.
# cd /home
# touch aquota.user
# chmod 640 aquota.user
7. quota媛?룞怨?以묒?
# quotaon -avug
-a : quota?듭뀡???ㅼ뼱媛??덈뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖? ?먮룞?쇰줈 媛?룞?쒕떎.
-v : quota媛?媛?룞??媛??뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒕뱾??硫붿떆吏?? 異쒕젰?쒕떎.
-u : 湲곕낯?쇰줈 ?곸슜?섎뒗 寃껋쑝濡?媛?媛쒕퀎 ?ъ슜?먮뱾??quota?ㅼ젙???쎌뼱 ?곸슜?쒕떎.
-g : 媛?洹몃９蹂?quota?ㅼ젙???쎌뼱 ?곸슜?쒕떎.
# quotaoff -aug
8. quota媛?룞?щ? 諛??곹깭 ?뺤씤
# quotaon -a -p
9. quota媛??ㅼ??ㅻ뵖 ?뚰떚?섏쓽 quota?ㅼ젙 諛??⑸웾?쒗븳 ?댁뿭 ?뺤씤
# repquota -av
-a : 蹂닿퀬???뚯씪?쒖뒪????긽??吏?젙?섎뒗 寃껋쑝濡?/etc/fstab?먯꽌 usrquota, grpquota媛??ㅼ젙??紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ??긽?쇰줈 ?쒕떎???듭뀡?대떎.
-v : ?ъ슜?됱씠 ?녿뒗 ?ъ슜?먮뱾??蹂닿퀬???ы븿?섍쾶 ?쒕떎.
-g : 洹몃９quota????븳 蹂닿퀬瑜??쒕떎.
-u : ?ъ슜?먯쓽 qutoa????븳 蹂닿퀬瑜??쒕떎.(湲곕낯媛?

* ?숈쥌 ?꾨줈?몄뒪 紐⑤몢 二쎌씠湲?BR># ps -ef | grep httpd | awk '{ print $2 }' | xargs kill -9
# killall httpd

* whowatc ?좏떥由ы떚 : ?꾩옱 ?묒냽???ъ슜???ㅼ떆媛?媛먯떆踰?/P>

* idled ?좏떥由ы떚 : ?쇱젙?쒓컙 誘몄궗?⑹떆 媛뺤젣 濡쒓렇?꾩썐?쒗궎湲?/P>

* 由щ늼??而ㅻ꼸???대뜑?룹뭅???몄떇?쒗궎湲?BR>由щ늼??而ㅻ꼸???대뜑?룹뭅?쒕? ?몄떇?섎룄濡??섎젮硫??ㅼ쓬怨?媛숈? ?ы빆?ㅼ쓣 ?뺤씤?댁빞?⑸땲??
- ?대뜑?룹뭅?쒖쓽 紐⑤뱢?대쫫
- ?대뜑?룹뭅?쒖쓽 I/O(?낆텧??二쇱냼, ?쇰컲?곸쑝濡?0x300???ъ슜??
- ?대뜑?룹뭅?쒖쓽 IRQ踰덊샇
- DMA瑜??ъ슜?섎뒗 移대뱶?쇰㈃ DMA踰덊샇
- modprobe, insmod, lsmod, rmmod紐낅졊???ъ슜踰?BR>由щ늼?ㅼ뿉??而ㅻ꼸紐⑤뱢?ㅼ? 紐⑤몢 /lib/modules/<而ㅻ꼸踰꾩쟾>/kernel ?대씪???붾젆?좊━???꾩튂?섍퀬 ?덈떎.
/lib/modules/<而ㅻ꼸踰꾩쟾>/kernel/drivers/net?대씪???붾젆?좊━?먮뒗 ?ㅽ듃?뚰겕 愿?젴 而ㅻ꼸紐⑤뱢?ㅼ씠 ?덈떎.
?덈뱶??由щ늼?ㅼ뿉?쒕뒗 /boot/modules-info?쇰뒗 ?뚯씪?댁뿉 由щ늼??而ㅻ꼸紐⑤뱢??愿?븳 ?뺣낫瑜???옣?섍퀬 ?덈떎.
?대젃寃??뺤씤 紐⑤뱢??而ㅻ꼸???щ┛??
# modprobe 3c509 io=0x300 irq=13
# insmod 3c509 io=0x300 irq=13
???遺꾩쓽 PCI移대뱶??io?듭뀡怨?irq?듭뀡???먮룞寃?깋?섎?濡??앸왂媛?뒫?섎떎.
??NE2000怨꾩뿴???ㅽ듃?뚰겕?쒕씪?대툕瑜??ъ슜?쒕떎硫?io?듭뀡怨?irq?듭뀡??吏?젙??二쇱뼱???쒕떎.
洹몃━怨? io?ы듃??irq踰덊샇???꾩옱 ?ъ슜以묒씠 ?꾨땶 媛믪쑝濡?吏?젙?쒕떎.
?ъ슜以묒씤 io?ы듃踰덊샇 ?뺤씤
# cat /proc/ioports
?ъ슜以묒씠 irq踰덊샇 ?뺤씤
# cat /proc/interrupts
?쒕쾭 ?щ??낇썑??吏?냽?곸쑝濡??곸슜?섍린 ?꾪빐?쒕뒗 /etc/modules.conf?뚯씪??(?먮뒗 /etc/modprobe.conf ?뚯씪)
愿?젴 紐⑤뱢 ?ㅼ젙???낅젰??二쇱뼱???쒕떎.
# cat /etc/modules.conf
alias eth0 e100
alias scsi_hostadapter aic7xxx
alias usb-controller usb-uhci

* ?섎뱶?붿뒪??諛곕뱶釉붾줉 寃?궗
# badblocks -v /dev/sdb5
# badblocks -v /dev/sdb5 -o badlocks.txt
# badblocks /dev/fd0H1440 1440
- ?붿뒪?ъ쓽 諛곕뱶釉붾줉 留덊겕?섍린
# e2fsck -cv /dev/sdb5

* ?섎뱶?붿뒪???띾룄?먭?
- 踰꾪띁留곷릺???덉??딆? ?곗씠?곗쓽 ?붿뒪??ACCESS ?띾룄 寃?궗
# hdparm -t /dev/hda
- 踰꾪띁留곷릺???덈뒗 ?곗씠?곗쓽 ?붿뒪??ACCESS?띾룄 寃?궗
# hdparm -T /dev/hda
- CD-ROM ?쒕씪?대툕 ?쎈뒗?띾룄 寃?궗
# hdparm -t /dev/cdrom

* fdisk : ?붿뒪???뚰떚???묒뾽 ?꾨줈洹몃옩
?꾩옱 紐⑤뱺 ?붿뒪?ъ쓽 ?뚰떚?섏꽕?뺥쁽???뚯븙?섍린
# fdisk -l
?뱀젙 ?뚰떚?섏쓣 ??긽?쇰줈 ??fdisk ?쒖옉怨?醫낅즺
# fdisk /dev/sdb

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 4462.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): m
Command action
   a   toggle a bootable flag   -> 遺?똿?뚰떚?섏쓣 ?ㅼ젙?????덉쓬.
   b   edit bsd disklabel   -> BSD濡??붿뒪?щ씪踰??ㅼ젙
   c   toggle the dos compatibility flag -> DOS?명솚媛?뒫???뚮옒洹??ㅼ젙
   d   delete a partition   -> ?뚰떚?섏쓣 ??젣?????덉쓬.
   l   list known partition types  -> ?ㅼ?媛?뒫???뚰떚????엯??蹂댁뿬以?
   m   print this menu    -> ?뚰떚???ㅼ젙?꾩?留먯쓣 蹂댁뿬以?
   n   add a new partition   -> ?덈줈???뚰떚?섏쓣 ?앹꽦?????덉쓬.
   o   create a new empty DOS partition table -> ?덈줈???꾩뒪?뚰떚???뚯씠釉붿쓣 ?앹꽦??
   p   print the partition table  -> ?꾩옱 ?ㅼ젙???뚰떚?섏젙蹂대? 蹂댁뿬以?
   q   quit without saving changes  -> ?ㅼ젙???뺣낫瑜???옣?섏? ?딄퀬 fdisk瑜?醫낅즺.
   s   create a new empty Sun disklabel  -> SUN ?붿뒪?щ씪踰⑥쓣 ?앹꽦??
   t   change a partition's system id  -> ?뚰떚????엯??蹂?꼍?????덉쓬.
   u   change display/entry units  -> ?좊떅(UNITS)?뺣낫瑜??대엺?섍굅??蹂?꼍?????덉쓬.
   v   verify the partition table  -> 吏?젙???뚰떚?섏쓣 寃?궗??
   w   write table to disk and exit  -> ?꾩옱源뚯? ?ㅼ젙???뚰떚?섏젙蹂대? ??옣?섍퀬 fdisk 醫낅즺.
   x   extra functionality (experts only) -> ?뚰떚???꾨Ц媛?紐⑤뱶濡??ㅼ뼱媛? ?ㅻ┛?곗닔???ㅻ뱶??洹몃━怨??몃옓???뱁꽣?섎? 蹂?꼍?????덉쓬.

Command (m for help): q

* 由щ늼???뚯씪?쒖뒪???щ㎎(?앹꽦)?섍린
- mke2fs濡??뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?앹꽦?섎㈃ ?ㅼ쓬怨?媛숈? ?몃???ぉ?ㅼ씠 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒕궡???앹꽦?⑸땲??
1. Block size ?ш린
2. Fragment size ?ш린
3. indoe????BR>4. ?섑띁?좎?媛??ъ슜??block?????꾩껜 block??5%瑜?李⑥???
5. 泥?踰덉㎏ ?곗씠?곕툝濡?BR>6. Block group????BR>7. 洹몃９??釉붾줉??BR>8. 洹몃９??fragment????BR>9. 洹몃９??inode????BR># mke2fs [-c|-l ?뚯씪紐? [-b 釉붾줈洹멸린] [-f ?꾨젅洹몃㉫?멥뀫湲? [-i ?몃뱶?밸컮?댄듃?? [-m ?덉빟釉붾줉?쇱꽱?? [-q] [-v] [-F] [-S] ?μ튂紐?[釉붾줉媛?닔]
# mke2fs -t ext2 /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1??ext2 ??엯???뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쑝濡??앹꽦
# mke2fs -j /dv/hdb1  -> /dev/hdb1??ext3 ??엯???뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쑝濡??앹꽦
# mke2fs -j -b 4096 /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1????빐??ext3??엯???뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?앹꽦?섎㈃??釉붾줉???ш린瑜?4069byte濡??앹꽦
# mke2fs -c /dev/hdb1  -> /dev/hdb1????븳 諛곕뱶釉붾줉???먭????꾩뿉 ext2?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?앹꽦
# mke2fs -i 4096 /dev/hdb1 -> ?꾩씠?몃뱶 ??諛붿씠?몄닔瑜?吏?젙?섏뿬 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?앹꽦. -i?듭뀡?쇰줈 二쇱뼱吏?뒗 媛믪? 理쒖냼 1024?댁긽?대떎. 湲곕낯媛믪? 4096
# mke2fs -j -m 20 /dev/hdb1 -> ext3?뚯씪?쒖뒪??-j)???앹꽦?섎㈃???섑띁?좎?(root)???덈퉬釉붾줉?쇰줈 20%瑜??④꺼?붾떎.
# mke2fs /dev/sdb1 -j -L /data
- ?붿뒪??異붽? ?μ갑???묒뾽 ?쒖꽌
1. ?붿뒪???μ갑
2. fdisk濡??뚰떚???앹꽦
3. mkfs or mk2fs濡??뚯씪?쒖뒪???앹꽦
4. mount ?묒뾽
5. 遺?똿???먮룞留덉슫?몃? ?꾪븯??/etc/fstab???깅줉
- mkfs濡?由щ늼???뚯씪?쒖뒪???앹꽦
# mkfs [-V] [-t ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒗??? [?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖샃?? ?μ튂?대쫫 [釉붾줉]
?듭뀡?ㅻ챸
-V : ?먯꽭???뺣낫瑜?蹂댁뿬以?떎.
-t : ?앹꽦???뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒗???ext2, ext3)
?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖샃??BR>-c : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?뚯쓣 ?앹꽦?섍린 ?꾩뿉 諛곕뱶釉붾줉??寃?궗
-l ?뚯씪紐?: 吏?젙???뚯씪紐낆쑝濡쒕???諛곕뱶釉붾줉紐⑸줉???쎈뒗??
-v : ?묒뾽?곹깭??寃곌낵瑜??먯꽭??蹂댁뿬以?떎.
?μ튂?대쫫 : ?먯튂紐?BR># mkfs -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 -> ext3 ??엯???뚯씪?쒖뒪???앹꽦
  => # mkfs.ext3 /dev/hdb1
# mkfs -t ext2 /dev/hdb1 -> ext2 ??엯???뚯씪?쒖뒪???앹꽦
  => # mkfs.ext2 /dev/hdb1
# mkfs -V -t ext3 -j -L /data /dev/sdb1

* mount : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??留덉슫?명븯湲?BR># mount -a [fnrvw] [-t ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒗???
# mount [-fnrvw] [-o ?듭뀡[,...]] ?μ튂 ?붾젆?좊━
# mount [-fnrvw] [-t ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒗??? [-o ?듭뀡[,...]] ?μ튂 ?붾젆?좊━
# mount -t iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
# mount -r /dev/hdb1 /backup -> /dev/hdb1 ?뚰떚?섏쓣 /backup?붾젆?좊━濡?留덉슫?몃? ?섎㈃??-r?듭뀡???ъ슜?덉뿬 ?곌린 湲덉??듭뀡???ъ슜?섏뿬 留덉슫?명븳?? /backup?붾젆?좊━???쎄린留?媛?뒫?섎떎.
# mount -w /dev/hdb1 /backup -> /dev/hdb1 ?뚰떚?섏쓣 /backup?붾젆?좊━濡?留덉슫?명븯硫댁꽌 -w?듭뀡???ъ슜?섏뿬 ?곌린媛?媛?뒫?섎룄濡?留덉슫?명븳??
# mount -t ext3 /dev/hdb1 /backup
# mount -t vfat /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
# mount -t nfs 192.168.0.200:/web_data /web_data -> 留덉슫?멸? ?섎㈃ 192.168.0.200?쒕쾭??/web_data?붾젆?좊━瑜??꾩옱 ?쒕쾭??/web_data?붾젆?좊━泥섎읆 ?ы슺?????덈떎.
# mount -t nfs 192.168.0.201:/db_data /db_data

* /etc/fstab : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪???먮룞留덉슫???뺣낫?뚯씪
# cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=/                 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2
LABEL=/data             /data                   ext3    defaults        1 2
none                    /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
LABEL=/home             /home                   ext3    defaults        1 2
LABEL=/jms              /jms                    ext3    defaults        1 2
none                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
none                    /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
LABEL=/tmp              /tmp                    ext3    defaults        1 2
/dev/sda3               swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/cdrom              /mnt/cdrom              udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0
/dev/fd0                /mnt/floppy             auto    noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
- /etc/fstab ?뚯씪 援ъ“
[?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖옣移섎챸] [留덉슫?명룷?명듃] [?뚯씪?쒖뒪?? [?듭뀡] [dum愿?젴?ㅼ젙] [?뚯씪?먭??듭뀡]
[?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖옣移섎챸] : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 ?μ튂紐? 留뚯빟 ?덉씠釉?LABEL)???ㅼ젙?섏뼱 ?덈떎硫??μ튂紐???떊 ?먯씠釉붾챸?쇰줈 吏?젙???섎룄 ?덈떎.
[留덉슫?명룷?명듃]     : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖씠 留덉슫?몃맆 ?꾩튂.
[?뚯씪?쒖뒪??       : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 醫낅쪟
    ext  珥덇린 由щ늼?ㅼ뿉???щ룞?섏뿀???뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    ext2 ?꾩옱 留롮씠 ?ъ슜?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    ext3 ??꼸留곹뙆?쇱떆?ㅽ뀥?쇰줈??ext2??鍮꾪빐 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??蹂듦뎄湲곕뒫怨?蹂댁븞遺?텇???ш쾶 ?μ긽?쒗궓 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    iso9660 CD-ROM???쒖? ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    nfs  Network File System?쇰줈???먭꺽?쒕쾭瑜?留덉슫?명븷 ???ъ슜.
    swap ?ㅼ솑?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    ufs  UNIX FileSystem?쇰줈??UNIX SYSTEM 5怨꾩뿭?뱀뿉?쒕뒗 ?쒖??뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖씠??
    vfat ?덈룄??95??98, 洹몃━怨? NT瑜?吏?썝?섍린 ?꾪븳 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    msdos MS-DOS?뚰떚?섏쓣 ?ъ슜?섍린 ?꾪븳 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    hpfs HPFS ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    ntfs ?덈룄?캮T??200??NTFS ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    sysv ?좊땳?ㅼ떆?ㅽ뀥 V瑜?吏?썝?섍린 ?꾪븳 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    hfs  Mac 而댄벂?곗쓽 hfs?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    ramdisk RAM ?붿뒪?щ? 吏?썝?섎뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>[?듭뀡]             : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?⑸룄??留욊쾶 ?ъ슜?섍린 ?꾪븳 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪???띿꽦???ㅼ젙?섎뒗 ?듭뀡?대떎.
    defaults rw, nouser, auto, exec, suid ?띿꽦??紐⑤몢 媛?????띿꽦?? 媛?옣 ?쇰컲?곸씤 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖뿉???ъ슜?섎뒗 ?띿꽦??
    auto 遺?똿???먮룞留덉슫?몃맖
    exec ?ㅽ뻾?뚯씪???ㅽ뻾?섎뒗 寃껋쓣 ?덉슜?섎뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    suid SetUID??SetGID???ъ슜???덉슜?섎뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    ro  ?쎄린?꾩슜 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쑝濡쒕쭔 ?ъ슜??Read Only)
    rw  ?쇨퀬 ?곌린 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쑝濡??ъ슜??Read, Write)
    user ?쇰컲 怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먮뱾??留덉슫?몃? ?????덈뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??
    nouser ?쇰컲 怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먮뱾??留덉슫???????녿뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?? root留?mount?????덈떎.
    noauto 遺?똿???먮룞留덉슫?몃릺吏??딄쾶 ?쒕떎.
    noexec ?ㅽ뻾?뚯씪???ㅽ뻾?섏? 紐삵븯寃??섎뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    nosuid SetUID??SetGID???ъ슜???덉슜?섏? ?딅뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    usrquota 媛쒕퀎 怨꾩젙?ъ슜?먯쓽 quota?ㅼ젙??媛?뒫???뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>    grpqutoa 洹몃９蹂?quota?ㅼ젙??媛?뒫???뚯씪?쒖뒪??BR>[dum愿?젴?ㅼ젙]      : 0?먮뒗 1??媛?쭏 ???덈떎. 1???곗씠?곕갚?낅벑???꾪빐 dump媛?媛?뒫???뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖씠硫? 0??dump紐낅졊?쇰줈 ?ㅽ봽?섏? ?딅뒗 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖씠??
[?뚯씪?먭??듭뀡]     : 0?먮뒗 1, 洹몃━怨?2媛??????덈떎. 0??遺?똿???ㅽ뻾?섎뒗 fsck媛??ㅽ뻾?섏? ?딅뒗 ?ㅼ젙?대ʼn, 1??猷⑦듃?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?섎??섎ʼn, 2??猷⑦듃?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖씠?몄쓽 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?섎??쒕떎. ?ш린???ㅼ젙???뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 ?쒖꽌瑜?湲곗??쇰줈 遺?똿???ㅽ뻾?섎뒗 fsck???쒖꽌媛?寃곗젙?쒕떎.

* tune2fs : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪???쒗똿 ?꾨줈洹몃옩
# tune2fs [-l] [-c 理쒕?留덉슫?명슏?? [-e ?먮윭諛쒖깮?쒕컲?? [-i 媛곸젏寃?컙?섍컙寃? [-m ?덉빟釉붾줉 ?쇱꽱?? [-r ?덉빟釉붾줉媛?닔] [-u ?ъ슜?? [-g 洹몃９] ?μ튂紐?BR># tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1 == # dumpe2fs -h /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.38 (30-Jun-2005)
Filesystem volume name:   /dtc
Last mounted on:          <not available>
Filesystem UUID:          cfa85fdd-ba5b-461b-830b-b405810abcc4
Filesystem magic number:  0xEF53
Filesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features:      has_journal ext_attr filetype needs_recovery sparse_super
Default mount options:    (none)
Filesystem state:         clean
Errors behavior:          Continue
Filesystem OS type:       Linux
Inode count:              4480448
Block count:              8960764
Reserved block count:     448038
Free blocks:              7826381
Free inodes:              4478614
First block:              0
Block size:               4096
Fragment size:            4096
Blocks per group:         32768
Fragments per group:      32768
Inodes per group:         16352
Inode blocks per group:   511
Last mount time:          Tue Mar  7 18:34:27 2006
Last write time:          Tue Mar  7 18:34:27 2006
Mount count:              6
Maximum mount count:      35
Last checked:             Thu Feb 23 18:50:02 2006
Check interval:           15552000 (6 months)
Next check after:         Tue Aug 22 18:50:02 2006
Reserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)
First inode:              11
Inode size:               128
Journal inode:            8
Journal backup:           inode blocks
# tune2fs -c 100 /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 理쒕? 留덉슫?명슏?섎? 100?쇰줈 ?ㅼ젙
# tune2fs -r 1000000 /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 ?덉빟釉붾줉媛?닔媛?1000000?쇰줈 蹂?꼍
# tune2fs -g wheel /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1 ?덉빟釉붾줉??wheel洹몃９???ъ슜媛?뒫?섎룄濡??ㅼ젙
# tune2fs -g 10 /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1 ?덉빟釉붾줉??GID媛?10??洹몃９???ъ슜媛?뒫?섎룄濡??ㅼ젙
# tune2fs -u dhan /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 dhan?대씪???ъ슜?먮룄 ?덉빟釉붾줉???ъ슜?????덈룄濡??ㅼ젙
# tune2fs -u 500 /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 UID媛?500???ъ슜?먮룄 ?덉빟釉붾줉???ъ슜?????덈룄濡??ㅼ젙
# tune2fs -m 20 /dev/hdb1 -> /dev/hdb1 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 ?덉빟釉붾줉???⑸웾??20%濡??ㅼ젙

* Swap ?⑸웾 ?섏씠湲?BR>1. swap?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?댁슜?섍린
# free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        255300     231464      23836          0      22816      34928
-/+ buffers/cache:     173720      81580
Swap:      1020116     199116     821000
# swapon -s
Filename                        Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda3                       partition       1020116 199116  -1
# umount /data
# fdisk /dev/sdb -> 湲곗〈???ъ슜?섎뜕 ?뚰떚?섏쨷 ?섎굹瑜?swap ?뚰떚?섏쑝濡?蹂?꼍?쒕떎.

The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 4462.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
   (e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 36.7 GB, 36703918080 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4462 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *         1      4462  35840983+  83  Linux

Command (m for help): t
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list codes): 82
Changed system type of partition 1 to 82 (Linux swap)

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 36.7 GB, 36703918080 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4462 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

   Device Boot    Start       End    Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1   *         1      4462  35840983+  82  Linux swap

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
# mkswap /dev/sdb1 -> /dev/sdb1??swap ?뚯씪?쒖뒪???앹꽦
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 36701159 kB
# swapon /dev/sdb1 -> /dev/sdb1 swap ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ?쒖꽦?뷀븳??
# free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        255300     249548       5752          0      23036      35388
-/+ buffers/cache:     191124      64176
Swap:     36861088     199116   36661972
# swapon -s
Filename                        Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda3                       partition       1020116 199116  -1
/dev/sdb1                       partition       35840972        0       -2
# cat /etc/fstab
LABEL=/                 /                       ext3    defaults        1 1
LABEL=/boot             /boot                   ext3    defaults        1 2
LABEL=/data             /data                   ext3    defaults        1 2
none                    /dev/pts                devpts  gid=5,mode=620  0 0
LABEL=/home             /home                   ext3    defaults        1 2
LABEL=/jms              /jms                    ext3    defaults        1 2
none                    /proc                   proc    defaults        0 0
none                    /dev/shm                tmpfs   defaults        0 0
LABEL=/tmp              /tmp                    ext3    defaults        1 2
/dev/sda3               swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/sdb1               swap                    swap    defaults        0 0
/dev/cdrom              /mnt/cdrom              udf,iso9660 noauto,owner,kudzu,ro 0 0
/dev/fd0                /mnt/floppy             auto    noauto,owner,kudzu 0 0
# swapoff /dev/sdb1 -> /dev/sdb1 swap ?뚯씪?쒖뒪???댁젣.
# free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        255300     234344      20956          0      21928      37092
-/+ buffers/cache:     175324      79976
Swap:      1020116     199116     821000
# swapon -s
Filename                        Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda3                       partition       1020116 199116  -1
2. swap?뚯씪???댁슜?섍린
# dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1024 count=1000 -> swap?쇰줈 ?ъ슜???뚯씪 ?앹꽦
1000+0 records in
1000+0 records out
# ls -l swapfile
-rw-r--r--    1 root     root      1024000 Mar 24 00:22 swapfile
# mkswap swapfile -> swap ?뚯씪??swap ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖깮??BR>Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 1019 kB
# swapon swapfile -> swap ?쒖꽦??BR># free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        255300     180912      74388          0      19836      23132
-/+ buffers/cache:     137944     117356
Swap:      1021108     199140     821968
# swapon -s
Filename                        Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda3                       partition       1020116 199140  -1
/data/swapfile                  file            992     0       -3
# swapoff swapfile
# free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:        255300     180968      74332          0      19932      23148
-/+ buffers/cache:     137888     117412
Swap:      1020116     199140     820976
# swapon -s
Filename                        Type            Size    Used    Priority
/dev/sda3                       partition       1020116 199140  -1

* finger : 濡쒖뺄/?먭꺽 ?쒕쾭???ъ슜??怨꾩젙?뺣낫 ?뺤씤
# finger widemail -> 濡쒖뺄 怨꾩젙?ъ슜??widemail)??怨꾩젙?뺣낫 異쒕젰
Login: widemail                         Name: (null)
Directory: /home/widemail               Shell: /bin/bash
On since Thu Mar 23 14:55 (KST) on pts/1 from 192.168.0.11
   8 hours 46 minutes idle
On since Thu Mar 23 22:12 (KST) on pts/2 from 192.168.0.12
No mail.
No Plan.
# finger @192.168.0.3 -> 192.168.0.3???묒냽???덈뒗 怨꾩젙?ъ슜??紐⑤몢瑜??뺤씤
# findger widemail@192.168.0.2 -> 192.168.0.2???묒냽???덈뒗 widemail 寃뚯젙?뺣낫 異쒕젰

* ?뚯씪 蹂듭닔
# cp
-a : 蹂듭궗??긽 ?먮낯?뚯씪??nbsp; ?띿꽦怨?留곹겕?뺣낫?깆쓣 洹몃?濡??좎??섎㈃??蹂듭궗?섎뒗 ?듭뀡 (= -dpR)
-b : 蹂듭궗?섍퀬???섎뒗 ?뚯씪???숈씪???대쫫?쇰줈 ?대? 洹??꾩튂??議댁옱?섍퀬 ?덉쓣 寃쎌슦, ??뼱?곌린 ?먮뒗 ?먮낯??吏?슦怨?蹂듭궗??寃쎌슦???먮낯?뚯씪??蹂듭궗蹂몄쓣 留뚮뱺??
-f : 蹂듭궗??긽?뚯씪???대? 洹??꾩튂??議댁옱?쒕떎硫??뚯씪??吏?슦怨?蹂듭궗?쒕떎.
-i : 蹂듭궗??긽?뚯씪???대? 洹??꾩튂??議댁옱?쒕떎硫???뼱??寃껋씤媛??먮뒗 蹂듭궗?섏? ?딆쓣 寃껋씤媛?? ?ъ슜?먯뿉寃??뺤씤?섎뒗 ?덉감瑜?媛?쭊??
-P : 蹂듭궗??긽???섎뒗 ?먮낯?뚯씪???붾젆?좊━寃쎈줈???④퍡 吏?젙?섏뿀??寃쎌슦??吏?젙???붾젆?좊━寃쎈줈瑜?洹몃?濡?蹂듭궗?쒕떎.
-u : 蹂듭궗?섎뒗 ?먮낯?뚯씪???대쫫怨??숈씪???뚯씪????긽?꾩튂??議댁옱??寃쎌슦???⑤낯?뚯씪怨?蹂?꼍?좎쭨瑜?鍮꾧탳?섏뿬 理쒖떊?뚯씪??寃쎌슦??蹂듭궗?섏? ?딅뒗??
# install : 愿?━???꾩슜 蹂듭궗紐낅졊??BR># install [?듭뀡] [-s] [--strip] ?먮낯?뚯씪 蹂듭궗?뚯씪
# install [?듭뀡] [-s] [--strip] ?먮낯?뚯씪.. 蹂듭궗?뚯씪
# install [?듭뀡] [-d,--directory] ?붾젆?좊━
-c : ?꾩킑 ?좊땳??踰꾩쟾怨??명솚???꾪븳 ?듭뀡
-d,--directory : 吏?젙???뚯씪??蹂듭궗??寃쎈줈瑜?吏?젙?섎뒗 ?듭뀡?쇰줈??留뚯빟 吏?젙??寃쎈줈紐낆쓽 ?붾젆?좊━媛?議댁옱?섏? ?딅뒗?ㅻ㈃ 吏곸젒 留뚮뱾?댁꽌 蹂듭궗瑜??쒕떎.
-g,--group : 吏?젙???뚯씪 蹂듭궗?쒖뿉 ???듭뀡?쇰줈 吏?젙??洹몃９紐낆쓣 蹂듭궗?섎뒗 ?뚯씪???뚯쑀洹몃９?쇰줈 吏?젙?섏뿬 蹂듭궗?쒕떎.
-m,--mode : 吏?젙???뚯씪 蹂듭궗?쒖뿉 ???듭뀡?쇰줈 吏?젙???쇰??섏쓣 蹂듭궗?섎뒗 ?뚯씪???쇰??섏쑝濡??쒕떎.
-o,--owner : 吏?젙???뚯씪蹂듭궗?쒖뿉 ???듭뀡?쇰줈 吏?젙???뚯쑀?먮? 蹂듭궗?섎뒗 ?뚯씪???뚯쑀?먮줈 ?쒕떎.
-s,--strip : 吏?젙???뚯씪蹂듭궗?쒖뿉 ???듭뀡???ъ슜?섎㈃ strip紐낅졊???섑뻾?쒕떎.

* ?붿뒪???ъ슜???먭?
- du : ?뱀젙 ?붾젆?좊━???⑸옿?묆꽮 ?뺤씤
# du -sh /etc -> /etc ?꾩껜 ?뚯씪 諛??붾젆?좊━ ?⑸웾???⑹쓣 ?쒖떆
- df : ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒕퀎 ?붿뒪?ъ궗?⑸웾 ?먭?
# df -k  -> ?붿뒪?ъ궗?⑸웾???뚰떚?섎퀎濡??뺤씤?????⑸웾??Kbyte ?⑥쐞濡??쒖떆
# df -m  -> ?붿뒪?ъ궗?⑸웾???뚰떚?섎퀎濡??뺤씤?????⑸웾??Mbyte ?⑥쐞濡??쒖떆
# df -h  -> ?붿뒪?ъ궗?⑸웾???뚰떚?섎퀎濡??뺤씤????媛?옣 ?곷떦???⑸웾?⑥쐞濡??쒖떆
# df -a  -> ?붿뒪?ъ슜???뺤씤?쒖뿉 紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓣 ??긽?쇰줈 ?먭?
# df -i  -> ?뚰떚?섎퀎 ?붿뒪?ъ슜???먭??쒖뿉 inode?ъ슜?뺣낫瑜??쒖떆
# df -T  -> ?붿뒪?ъ궗?⑸웾??異쒕젰???뚯뿉 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 醫낅쪟???④퍡 ?쒖떆
# df -t ext3 -> ?뱀젙 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 醫낅쪟留뚯쓣 ??긽?쇰줈 ?붿뒪?ъ궗?⑸웾 議곗궗
# df -x ext3 -> ?뱀젙 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 醫낅쪟瑜??쒖쇅???붿뒪?ъ궗?⑸웾 議곗궗

* ls
-R : 吏?젙???붾젆?좊━?댄븯???덈뒗 ?섎??붾젆?좊━???뚯씪?ㅼ쓣 紐⑤몢 ?ы븿?쒕떎.
-r : 異쒕젰寃곌낵瑜??뺤뿴???뚯뿉???대┝李⑥닚?쇰줈 ?뺣젹?쒕떎.
-S : ?뚯씪?ъ씠利덇? 媛?옣 ??寃껊????쒖꽌??줈 ?섏뿴?섍쾶 ?쒕떎.
-l : ?뚯씪?ㅼ쓣 ?섏뿴???뚯뿉 ?먯꽭??異쒕젰???쒕떎.
-a : 寃쎈줈?덉쓽 ?곷뱺 ?뚯씪???섏뿴?쒕떎. '.'?쇰줈 ?쒖옉?섎뒗 ?뚯씪?ㅻ룄 ?ы븿?쒕떎.
-A : 異쒕젰寃곌낵???뚯씪?ㅼ뿉??.怨?..???쒖쇅?쒕떎.
-h : ?뚯씪?ъ씠利덈? ?⑸웾?⑥쐞(Mb, Gb)瑜?遺숈뿬??異쒕젰?쒕떎.
# ls -l -> 李곗씪?뺣낫 ?먯꽭???쒖떆
# ls -lr -> ?뚯씪紐낆쓣 湲곗??쇰줈 ?대┝李⑥닚 ?뺣젹?섍린
# ls -al -> ?뱀젙 ?붾젆?좊━??紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪 ?뺤씤?섍린
# ls -m -> 肄ㅻ쭏濡??뚯씪?ㅼ쓣 援щ텇?섍린
# ls -lF -> ?뚯씪???앸?遺꾩뿉 ?뚯씪?뺥깭瑜??쒖떆?섎뒗 ?뱀닔臾몄옄 ?쒖떆?섍린
  ?쇰컲?곸씤 ?뚯씪 : ?꾨Т???쒖떆???섏? ?딅뒗??
  ?ㅽ뻾?뚯씪 : "*"瑜?遺숈뿬???쒖떆
  ?붾젆?좊━ : "/"瑜?遺숈뿬???쒖떆
  ?щ낵由?쭅??: "@"瑜?遺숈뿬???쒖떆
  FIFO?뚯씪 : "|"瑜?遺숈뿬???쒖떆
  ?뚯폆?뚯씪 : "="瑜?遺숈뿬???쒖떆
# ls -aAl -> ?꾩옱?붾젆?좎? ?곸쐞?붾젆?좊━瑜??쒖쇅?섍퀬 ?쒖떆
# ls -n -> ?뚯씪??UID, GID ?쒖떆
# ls -lG -> ?뚯쑀洹몃９?뺣낫 ?쒖쇅?섍린
# ls -1 -> ??以꾩뿉 ???뚯씪?⑸쭔 ?쒖떆
# ls -lB -> ?뚯씪???앹뿉 '~'媛?遺숈? ?뚯씪(諛깆뾽?뚯씪)??異쒕젰?쒖쇅?섍린
# ls -w 60 -> 媛?줈湲몄씠瑜?吏?젙?섏뿬 ?쒖떆
# ls -l -I b* -> ?뱀젙?⑦꽩???뚯씪???섏뿴?먯꽌 ?쒖쇅?섍린
# ls -lR -> ?쒕툕?붾젆?좊━?댁쓽 紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪 ?④퍡 ?쒖떆
# ls -lS -> ?뚯씪???⑸웾蹂꾨줈 ?대┝李⑥닚 ?뺣젹?섏뿬 ?쒖떆
# ls -lSr -> ?뚯씪???⑸웾蹂꾨줈 ?ㅻ쫫李⑥닚 ?뺣젹?섏뿬 ?쒖떆
# ls -lX -> ?뚯씪?뺤옣?먯닚?쇰줈 ?뺣젹?섏뿬 ?쒖떆
# ls -lU -> ?붿뒪?ъ????쒖꽌??줈 ?쒖떆
# ls -lL -> ?щ낵由?留곹겕?뚯씪???쇰컲 ?뚯씪?뺥깭濡??쒖떆
# ls -lc -> 理쒓렐 蹂?꼍?쒓컙??湲곗??쇰줈 ?뺣졊?섏뿬 ?쒖떆
# ls -lt -> ?뚯씪???쒓컙?쒖꽌??줈 ?쒖떆
# ls -lu -> ?뚯씪???ъ슜?쒓컙 ?쒖꽌??줈 ?쒖떆 (?뚯씪???몄젣 ?묎렐?덈뒗吏??쒖떆)
# ls --fule-time -> ?쒓컙?쒖떆瑜??먯꽭???쒖떆
# ls -li -> ?뚯씪由ъ뒪??留??욎뿉 ?뚯씪 ?됱씤踰덊샇瑜??쒖떆
# ls -x -> 媛?줈濡??섏뿴?섏뿬 ?쒖떆
# ls -ls -> ?뚯씪???ш린瑜?KB?⑥쐞濡??쒖떆
# ls -alRSh /backup -> ?뱀젙?붾젆?좊━ ?댄븯??紐⑤뱺 ?뚯씪????긽?쇰줈 ?⑸웾蹂꾨줈 ?뺣젹?섏뿬 ?쒖떆

* 臾몄옄??寃?깋 諛??몄쭛
- grep?먯꽌 ?ъ슜?섎뒗 寃?깋臾몄옄?⑦꽩 ?뺢퇋?쒗쁽??BR>  . : ?꾨Т臾몄옄???쒕Ц?먮? ?섎???
  * : ?대뼡臾몄옄?댁씠??臾몄옄湲몄뿉 臾닿???臾몄옄?댁쓣 ?섎???
  ^ : ?됱쓽 ?쒖옉 ?꾩튂瑜??섎???
  $ : ?됱쓽 誘몄?留??꾩튂瑜??섎???
  [] : ?쒕Ц??湲몄씠???⑦꽩由ъ뒪??BR>  [^] : 吏?젙??臾몄옄???댁쇅??臾몄옄?ㅼ쓣 ?섑엳留?^???ъ쭛?⑹쓣 ?섎???
  \ : ?꾩뿉 ?ㅻ뒗 臾몄옄瑜?臾몄옄 洹몃?濡??몄떇(?뱀닔臾몄옄瑜?洹몃?濡??쒗쁽?????ъ슜??
  /< : ?⑥뼱???쒖옉 ?꾩튂瑜??섎???BR>  /> : ?⑥뼱??留덉?留??꾩튂瑜??섎???BR># grep [?듭뀡] 寃?깋?좊Ц?먰몴?꾩떇 [?뚯씪..]
# grep [?듭뀡] [-e 寃?깋?좊Ц?먰몴?꾩떇 | -f ?뚯씪] [?뚯씪..]
# 吏?젙???뚯씪?댁뿉???뱀젙臾몄옄 李얘린
# grep apache README -> README ?뚯씪?먯꽌 apache媛??덈뒗 ?됱쓣 異쒕젰
# 吏?젙???뚯씪?댁뿉???뱀젙臾몄옄瑜??ы븿???됱쓽 媛쒖닔 異쒕젰
# grep -c apache README -> README?먯꽌 apache?쇰뒗 臾몄옄?댁엳???됱쓽 媛쒖닔 異쒕젰
# 吏?젙???뚯씪?댁뿉???뱀젙臾몄옄媛?議댁옱?섏? ?딅뒗 ?됰쭔 寃?깋
# grep -v apache README -> README?먯꽌 apache?쇰뒗 臾몄옄?댁씠 ?녿뒗 ?됱쓣 異쒕젰
# 吏?젙???뚯씪 ?댁뿉????냼遺꾩옄 援щ텇?놁씠 ?뱀젙臾몄옄 寃?깋?섍린
# grep -i apache README
# ?뱀젙 ?붾젆?좊━?댁뿉???붾젆?좊━由ъ뒪?몃쭔 ?뺤씤?섍린
# ls -l /etc/ | grep "^d"
# ?뱀젙 ?붾젆?좊━?댁뿉???뚯씪由ъ뒪?몃쭔 蹂닿린
# ls -l /etc/ | grep -v "^d"

* touch
# ?뱀젙 ?뚯씪???좎쭨?쒓컙?뺣낫 蹂?꼍
# touch MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]
$ ls -l a
-rw-r--r--  1 widemail jms 21 Jan  1 10:10 a
$ touch -t 03241201 a
$ ls -l a
-rw-r--r--  1 widemail jms 21 Mar 24 12:01 a
# ?뱀젙?뚯씪???좎쭨?쒓컙怨??숈씪???좎쭨?쒓컙???ㅻⅨ ?뚯씪???곸슜?섍린
$ ls -l a b
-rw-r--r--  1 widemail jms 21 Mar 24 12:01 a
-rw-r--r--  1 widemail jms  0 Jan  1 01:01 b
$ touch -r a b -> a?뚯씪???좎쭨?쒓컙?뺣낫瑜??쎌뼱??b???숈씪?섍쾶 ?곸슂
$ ls -l a b
-rw-r--r--  1 widemail jms 21 Mar 24 12:01 a
-rw-r--r--  1 widemail jms  0 Mar 24 12:01 b

* tar
# tar
-c : tar?뚯씪???앹꽦?????щ윭媛쒖쓽 ?뚯씪???섎굹???뚯씪濡?臾띠쓣 ?? 諛섎뱶???ъ슜
-d : tar?뚯씪怨??대떦 ?뚯씪?쒖뒪?쒓컙??李⑥씠?먯쓣 ?뺤씤 ?섍퀬???????ъ슜
-r : tar?뚯씪???ㅻⅨ ?뚯씪?ㅼ쓣 異붽??섍퀬????寃쎌슦???ъ슜
-t : tar?뚯씪???댁슜???뺤씤?섍퀬??????諛섎뱶???ъ슜
-f : tar?뚯씪???ъ슜???뚯뿉??諛섎뱶???ъ슜
-p : tar?뚯씪???앹꽦???? ???먮낯 ?뚯씪?쇰??섏쓣 洹몃?濡??좎???
-v : 臾띠쓣 ?뚮굹 ????洹?怨쇱젙???먯꽭?섍쾶 蹂대젮怨??????ъ슜
-Z : compress濡??뺤텞?뚯씪???ъ슜?????뺤텞?대굹 ?댁젣源뚯? ?쒕쾲???????ъ슜
-z : gzip(gunzip)怨?愿?젴?섏뿬 ?뺤텞?대굹 ?댁젣瑜??쒓볼踰덉뿉 ?섎젮怨??????ъ슜
-j : bzip2(bunip2)怨?愿?젴?섏뿬 ?뺤텞?섍굅???댁젣?섎뒗 ?듭뀡?쇰줈 ?ъ슜
# tar???뚯씪 臾띕뒗 媛?옣 湲곕낯?곸씤 ?ъ슜踰?BR># tar cvf dir1.tar dir1
# tar濡?臾띠뿬吏??뚯씪?댁쓽 ?뚯씪由ъ뒪???뺤씤?섍린
# tar tvf dir1.tar
# tar濡?臾띠뿬吏??뚯씪 ??린
# tar xvf dir1.tar
# tar濡??뚯씪臾띔린???뺤텞?섍린瑜??숈떆???섍린
# tar cvfz dir2.tar.gz dir2
# tar濡?臾띔퀬 ?뺤텞???뚯씪 ??린
# tar xvfz dir2.tar.gz
# tar濡??먮낯?뚯씪???쇰??섏쓣 洹몃?濡??좎??쒖콈濡?臾띔퀬 ?뺤텞?섍린
# tar cvfpz dir2.tar.g dir2
# tar濡??뚮끉?뚯씪 ?쇰??섏쓣 ?좎???梨꾨줈 臾띔퀬 ?뺤텞???뚯씪 ??린
# tar xvfpz dir2.tar.gz
# tar濡??뺤텞?쒖뿉 ?⑸웾?⑥쐞濡??섎늻???뺤텞?섍린 洹몃━怨???린
# tar cvfpz - /home/dhan | split -b 100m - widemail.tar.gz
# ls -l widemail.tar.g*
widemail.tar.gzaa widemail.tar.gzab widemail.tar.gzac
# cat home.tar.gz* | tar xvfpz -
# tar??bzip2濡??뺤텞?섍퀬 tar??bunzip2濡??뺤텞??린
# tar cvfpj etc.tar.bz2 /etc
# tar xvfpj etc.tar.bz2

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* 濡쒓렇 愿?━
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* 湲곕낯濡쒓렇?뚯씪??醫낅쪟???댄빐
由щ늼???쒕쾭?먯꽌??諛쒖깮?섎뒗 湲곕낯?곸씤 濡쒓렇?먮뒗 ?↔쾶 ?먭?吏?? ?덉뒿?덈떎. 泥⑹꽑吏?而ㅻ꼸濡쒓렇濡쒖꽌 kernel messages ?쇨퀬?섎뒗 寃껋쑝濡?klogd?쇰뒗 ?곕が???섑빐 ?앹꽦?⑸땲?? ?먮쾲吏?syslogd?곕が???섑빐 ?앹꽦?섎뒗 濡쒓렇?낅땲??
由щ늼?ㅼ뿉?쒕뒗 /var/log?붾젆?좊━?먯꽌 ?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 紐⑤뱺 濡쒓렇瑜?湲곕줉 諛?愿?━?섍퀬 ?덉뒿?덈떎.
?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 /etc/syslog.conf?뚯씪?먯꽌 ?쒖뒪??濡쒓렇?뚯씪?ㅼ쓽 ?꾩튂瑜?吏?젙?섍퀬 ?덉뒿?덈떎.
/var/log/boot.log : 由щ늼?ㅺ? 遺?똿??????異쒕젰?섎뒗 紐⑤뱺 硫붿떆吏?? 湲곕줉?섍퀬 ?덈떎.
/var/log/cron: ?쒖뒪?쒖쓽 ?뺢린?곸씠 ?묒뾽????븳 濡쒓렇, 利??쒖뒪??cron?묒뾽????븳 湲곕줉???섍퀬 ?덈뒗 ?뚯씪?대떎.
/var/log/messages : 由щ늼???쒖뒪?쒖쓽 媛?옣 湲곕낯?곸씤 ?쒖뒪?쒕줈洹명뙆?쇰줈???쒖뒪???댁쁺????븳 ?꾨컲?곸씤 硫붿떆吏?? ??옣?섍퀬 ?덈떎.
/var/log/secure : 二쇰줈 ?ъ슜?먮뱾???먭꺽濡쒓렇???뺣낫瑜?湲곕줉?섍퀬 ?덈뒗 濡쒓렇?뚯씪?뱀꽌 ?쒕쾭蹂댁븞???꾩＜ 誘쇨컧?섍퀬 以묒슜???뚯씪?대떎.
/var/log/xferlo : 由щ늼???쒖뒪?쒖쓽 FTP 濡쒓렇?뚯씪濡쒖꽌 proftpd ?먮뒗 vsftpd ?곕が?ㅼ쓽 ?쒕퉬?ㅻ궡??쓣 湲곕줉?섎뒗 ?뚯씪?대떎.

* /etc/syslog.conf ?뚯씪???ㅼ젙?щ㎎
$ cat /etc/syslog.conf
# Log all kernel messages to the console.
# Logging much else clutters up the screen.
#kern.*                                                 /dev/console  -> kernel??愿?젴??濡쒓렇瑜?/dev/console??異쒕젰?섎씪.

# Log anything (except mail) of level info or higher.
# Don't log private authentication messages!
*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none                /var/log/messages -> mail, ?묒냽?쒖쓽 ?몄쬆 ?깆뿉 ??븳 濡쒓렇瑜?/var/messages??湲곕줉?섎씪.

# The authpriv file has restricted access.
authpriv.*                                              /var/log/secure  -> xinetd(tcp_wrapper)??愿?젴??濡쒓렇?ㅼ쓣 /var/log/secure??湲곕줉?섎씪.

# Log all the mail messages in one place.
mail.*                                                  /var/log/maillog -> 硫붿씪??愿?젴??濡쒓렇瑜?/var/log/mail??湲곕줉?섎씪.

# Log cron stuff
cron.*                                                  /var/log/cron  -> ?쒖뒪?뚮?濡?crond)??愿?젴??濡쒓렇瑜?/var/log/cron??湲곕줉?섎씪.

# Everybody gets emergency messages
*.emerg                                                 *

# Save news errors of level crit and higher in a special file.
uucp,news.crit                                          /var/log/spooler

# Save boot messages also to boot.log
local7.*                                                /var/log/boot.log -> ?쒖뒪?쒖씠 遺?똿???뚯쓽 濡쒓렇硫붿떆吏?줈??/var/log/boot.log ?뚯씪??湲곕줉?섎씪.

/etc/syslog.conf?뚯씪??媛??됰뱾???ㅼ쓬怨?媛숈? ?щ㎎?쇰줈 ?뺤쓽?섏뼱 ?덈떎.
facility.priority logfile-location
facility ?쒕퉬???곕が)????븯??priority??寃쎌슦???대떦?섎뒗 ?곹솴??諛쒖깮?섏?????logfile-location ?뚯씪??洹?湲곕줉???④꺼??
- facility : ?쒕퉬?ㅼ씠由?硫붿떆吏?쓽 醫낅쪟)
  auth : 濡쒓렇?멸낵 媛숈씠 ?ъ슜???몄쬆??愿?븳 硫붿떆吏?BR>  autpriv : 蹂댁븞 諛??뱀씤??媛꾪븳 硫붿떆吏?BR>  cron : crond?곕が怨?atd?곕が???섑빐 諛쒖깮?섎뒗 硫붿떆吏?BR>  daemon : telnet, ftp?깃낵 媛?? ?곕が???섑븳 硫붿떆吏?BR>  kern : kernel???섑븳 硫붿떆吏?줈??而ㅻ꼸硫붿떆吏?씪怨좏븿.
  lpr : ?꾨┛?곕뜲紐ъ씤 lpd???섑빐 諛쒖깮?섎뒗 硫붿떆吏?BR>  mail : sendmail?먮뒗 pop?먮뒗 qmail?깆쓽 硫붿씪???섑빐 諛쒖깮?섎뒗 硫붿떆吏?BR>  news : innd?깃낵 媛숈? ?댁뒪?쒖뒪?쒖뿉 ?섑빐 諛쒖깮?섎뒗 硫붿떆吏?BR>  uucp : uucp ???섑븳 ?쒖뒪?뚯뿉 ?섑븳 硫붿떆吏?BR>- priority : 硫붿떆吏?쓽 ?곗꽑?쒖쐞瑜??섎???
  emerg : 理쒖긽?? 留ㅼ슦 ?꾪뿕???곹솴.
  info : ?⑥닚???꾨줈洹몃옩????븳 ?뺣낫 硫붿떆吏?BR>  notice : ?먮윭媛??꾨땶 ?뚮━硫?愿?븳 硫붿떆吏?BR>  warning : 二쇱쓽瑜??뷀븯??硫붿떆吏?BR>  err : ?먮윭媛?諛쒖깮???곹솴
  crit : 湲됲븳?곹솴???꾨땲吏?쭔 移섎챸?곸씤 ?쒖뒪??臾몄젣諛쒖깮 ?곹솴
  alert : 理쒗븯?? 利됯컖?곸씤 議곗튂瑜??쒖튂?댁빞?섎뒗 ?곹솴
  none : ?대뼚??寃쎌슦?쇰룄 硫붿떆吏?? ??옣?섏? ?딅뒗??

* 濡쒓렇?곕が 而⑦듃濡?BR># /sbin/syslogd -m 0
# /etc/init.d/syslogd start
# /etc/init.d/syslogd restart
# /etc/init.d/syslogd stop

* 濡쒓렇援ъ꽦 諛?濡쒓렇紐⑤땲?곕쭅?섍린
1. tcpd 濡쒓렇湲곕줉 ?뚯씪 紐⑤땲?곕쭅
# tail -f /var/log/secure
2. ?쒖뒪?쒕줈洹?紐⑤땲?곕쭅
# tail -f /var/log/messages
3. 硫붿씪愿?젴 濡쒓렇 紐⑤땲?곕쭅
# tail -f /var/log/maillog
4. 遺?똿?쒖쓽 硫붿떆吏??뺤씤
# more /var/log/boot.log
# dmesg | more
5. cron 濡쒓렇 紐⑤땲?곕쭅
# tail -f /var/log/cron

* 留덉?留?濡쒓렇???묒냽)?뺣낫 ?뺤씤?섎뒗 踰?BR># lastlog [-u 怨꾩젙紐? [-t ?쇱옄]
lastlog??/var/log/lastlog?뚯씪???뺣낫????옣???뺣낫瑜?李몄“?섏뿬 寃곌낵瑜?異쒕젰?쒕떎.
/var/log/lastlog?뚯씪?먮뒗 媛?怨꾩젙??理쒓렐 ?묒냽?뺣낫媛?湲곕줉?섎뒗 ?뚯씪?대떎.
?먰븳 /usr/include/lastlog.h ?뚯씪???뺤쓽???щ㎎?쇰줈 /var/log/lastlog????옣???쒕떎.
利? /var/log/lastlog?뚯씪????옣?섎뒗 ?щ㎎??/usr/include/utmp.h?뚯씪??吏?젙??nbsp;